Glossary and Acronym Definitions

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Acronym/Term	Acronym In Full	Definition
1080		A poison used primarily in possum control.
2,4-D		2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, which is used as a herbicide and plant growth regulator.
A Grade Shell Eggs		Eggs without visible cracks or internal defects so are suitable for retail sale for human consumption.
A1/A2		Two forms of beta-casein found in milk.
AAStds	Approvals & ACVM - Standards	Standards set by the Approvals and ACVM Group qv.
AA	Approvals & ACVM	The primary purpose of the Approvals and ACVM Group is: � To develop, implement, evaluate and review standards relating to agricultural compounds, veterinary medicines and maximum residue limits. This includes providing operational standards, guidelines and implementation tools to facilitate implementation of standards, and regulatory and non-regulatory programmes; � To develop the New Zealand approvals processes under the Animal Products Act, the Wine Act, the Food Act, and the ACVM Act, including the development of systems and processes to support decision making and certification; � To be the primary decision-making area for all NZFSA administered legislation and related support activities including the maintenance of public registers and lists; and � To implement the imported food and food related products programmes at the point of entry.
ABEA	Animal Byproducts Export Association	A trade association representing the interests of exporters of hides, fur skins, pelts, wool skins, tallow, meals, casings and other animal by-products.
ACCH	Auckland Central Clearing House	Part of the Auckland Regional Public Health Service contracted by NZFSA to carry out day-to-day operational procedures. The ACCH provides the initial point of contact for information to importers and customs brokers throughout New Zealand. It facilitates the inspection and clearance services of identified imported products.
Accountable Person		The person named in a NZFSA-approved programme (e.g. QCP) who is responsible for all operations covered by the programme, and for ensuring that those operations comply with regulatory requirements.
Accreditation Body		An internationally recognised, independent organisation which is authorised to accredit organisations to certain ISO standards.
Accreditation		Formal granting of recognition of competence for specified categories, following assessment against a standard, by an accreditation body.
Accredited ante-mortem examiner		A person accredited to perform this function in accordance with the Animal Products (Accredited Persons) Specifications 2001.
Accredited evaluator		A person accredited by the Director-General under section 103 of the Animal Products Act 1999 to perform evaluation functions and activities.
Accredited person		A person accredited by the Director-General to perform any verification or other specialised function or activity.
Accredited post mortem examiner		A person accredited to perform this function in accordance with the Animal Products (Accredited Persons Specifications) Notice 2001.
Accredited verifier		A person accredited by the Director-General as a risk management programme verifier.
ACMSF	Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food (UK)	A UK group established in 1990 to assess the risk to humans of microorganisms which are used, or occur, in or on food, and to advise the Food Standards Agency on any matters relating to the microbiological safety of food.
Acrylamide		A chemical known (at high levels) to cause nervous system damage in humans. Also possibly carcinogenic.
Activity endorsement		An evaluation activity endorsed on a notice of accreditation issued under section 103 of the Animal Products Act 1999.
Acute		(Of disease) Coming sharply to a crisis.
ACVM Group	Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Group	The group responsible for regulatory control of agricultural compounds (veterinary medicines/plant compounds), and their importation, manufacture, sale and use in New Zealand.
ACVMP	Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Programmes	All formal programmes established under the ACVM Act 1997.
ADE	Acceptable daily exposure	The ADE is the amount of a substance, expressed on a bodyweight basis, that is the total daily exposure over a lifetime without appreciable health risk.
Adm	Administration	Performing executive duties in an institution or business.
ADR	Adverse drug reaction	Any noxious or unintended response to a medicinal product related to any dose.
Adult cattle		Bovine species generally greater than 40 kilograms dressed carcass weight, with 3 classes; prime, bull, cow.
AD	Additional Declaration	Declarations required by an Importing Country.
AEB	American Egg Board	The American Egg Board is the egg industry's promotion arm; its basic task is to improve the demand for shell eggs, egg products, as well as spent fowl throughout the United States.
AEIA	Australian Egg Industry Association	Represents the interests of Australia's commercial egg producers, egg product processors and organisations that market eggs and egg products.
AER	Adverse Event Report	A report outlining an adverse event, which is any undesirable reaction or illness following use of an immunobiological product, whether or not product caused the reaction.
AFFCO	Auckland Farmers Freezing Company Ltd	A New Zealand meat company.
AGCARM	Agricultural Chemical and Animal Remedy Manufacturers Association	An industry organisation which aims to advance, foster and promote the industry that manufactures, formulates, imports and distributes agricultural chemicals, animal remedies and biotechnology products.
AGL	Alliance Group Limited	A New Zealand meat company.
AgM	Agriculture Meat	The letters prefixing an official export certificate for meat products.
AGM	Asian Gypsy Moth	A serious pest causing millions of dollars damage around the world every year. While the moth has been found in New Zealand it was subject to an intensive programme led to official eradication, announced May 2005. More information can be found at <A HREF = "http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pest-and-disease-response/pests-and-diseases-watchlist/gypsy-moth">http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pest-and-disease-response/pests-and-diseases-watchlist/gypsy-moth</A> .
AgResearch		New Zealand's largest Crown Research Institute - a combination of renowned research centres such as Ruakura, Grasslands, Wallaceville, Lincoln and Invermay but most importantly, individual scientists and teams whose work is at the heart of pastoral industries, food processing and innovative products that benefit all New Zealanders.
Agricultural Compound		Substance used in agriculture, as defined by the Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act 1997, including pesticides, as defined by the Pesticides Act 1979.
AHB	Animal Health Board	A non-profit incorporated society made up of representatives from the farming sector and local government. Formed specifically to eradicate bovine tuberculosis (Tb) from New Zealand, the AHB is legally responsible for managing the implementing the National Pest Management Strategy for Bovine Tb.
AHI	Animal Health Institute (USA)	An American organisation which represents manufacturers of animal health care products used to produce a safe supply of meat, milk, poultry and eggs, and the veterinary medicines that help pets live longer, healthier lives.
ALOP	Acceptable Level Of Protection	Also known as an appropriate level of protection. A country's expressed goals in protecting its population from particular foodborne hazards, as reflected in legislation, guidelines or other official documents.
AMD	Animal Material Depot	A place or premises where animal material (not being live mammals or live birds) is accumulated for temporary holding pending transfer to a primary processor.
Amenities		Includes toilets, wash rooms, locker rooms, change rooms, lunch/smoko rooms, and cafeterias.
Animal Health Board Identification System		The animal identification system described by the Animal Health Board document National Identification Cattle and Deer, and any amendments to that document.
Animal material		Any live or dead animal, or any tissue or other material taken or derived from an animal.
Animal product business		A business undertaking that, for reward or for the purposes of trade: Produces or processes animal material or product; or exports animal material or product.
Animal product officer, or officer		A person appointed as an animal product officer under the Animal Products Act and includes the Director-General.
Animal product standard, or standard		A standard prescribed by regulations and specifications that specifies the criteria that must be met to determine fitness for intended purpose of any class or description of animal product.
Animal product, or product		Any animal material that has been processed (other than simply transported or stored in such a way as not to involve any alteration to its nature) for the purpose, or ultimate purpose, of consumption or other use by humans or animals.
Animal Products Act Regime		The regime under the Animal Products Act 1999, including the Apiaries Act Regime, the Meat Act Regime and that part of the Food Act Regime that interfaces with the Animal Products Act 1999.
Animal Remedies Board		The board which assesses the safety of an animal remedy which has been submitted for registration.
Animal remedy		Has the same meaning as in the Animal Remedies Act 1967 and includes a veterinary medicine within the meaning of the Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act 1997.
Animal treatment and exposure status		The status of an animal in relation to its treatment and exposure to animal remedies or other chemical substances that may impact on the MRL of the animal material or animal product from that animal.
Animal		Any member of the animal kingdom, and includes: a. any mammal, bird, finfish, shellfish, reptile, amphibian, insect or invertebrate; b. any other creature or entity that is declared by the Minister of Agriculture by notice in the Gazette to be an animal for the purposes of the Animal Products Act 1999; but does not include a human being.
Anthelmintics		Drugs used to kill parasites.
Anticoccidials		Drugs developed to treat the intestinal tract infection Coccidiosis.
Antihistamine		A drug used to counter the effects of histamine production in allergic reactions.
Antispasmodic		Drugs used to treat stomach, bladder or intestinal cramps.
ANZCCART	Australia and New Zealand Council for Care of Animals in Research and Teaching	An independent body developed to provide a focus for issues concerning the use of animals in research and teaching. ANZCCART promotes excellence in the care of animals used in research and teaching to minimise any discomfort they may experience, ensure the outcomes of the scientific uses of animals are worthwhile, and foster informed and responsible discussion and debate within the scientific and wider community regarding the scientific uses of animals.
ANZFA	Australian New Zealand Food Authority	Established under an agreement between New Zealand and Australia to develop joint food standards and the policy and processes to review and develop food standards and the regulations.
AP Regs	Animal Products Regulations 2000	Regulations which came into force in November 2000 and relate to the Animal Products Act 1999. They include standards relating to production, processing, and preparation of animal material and product; standards relating to fitness for purpose; standards relating to examining, sampling, and testing; standards relating to packaging, storing, and handling; and standards relating to identification, labelling, and record keeping.
AP&FP	Animal Product and Food Processing	A programme which includes risk management programme registrations, evaluation accreditation, and specifications for products intended for human consumption.
APA	Animal Products Act 1999	Legislation that regulates the production and processing of animal material and animal products traded and used in New Zealand or exported from New Zealand.
APC	Aerobic Plate Count	A method for determining the level of microorganisms in a product.
APG	Animal Products Group	The group responsible for setting and ensuring compliance with standards for the primary processing and export of meat, game, seafood, honey and other animal products.
APHIS (US)	Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service	An agency within the US Department of Agriculture, APHIS provides leadership in ensuring the health and care of animals and plants. The agency improves agricultural productivity and competitiveness and contributes to the national economy and the public health.
APO	Animal Products Officer	A person appointed as an animal products officer under section 78 of the Animal Products Act 1999, and includes the Director-General of MAF.
Approved laboratory		A laboratory approved under the NZFSA Laboratory Approval Scheme.
Approved Maintenance Compound		Any maintenance compound that is approved by the Director-General or listed in specifications made under the Animal Products Act 1999.
APVMA	Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority	An Australian government authority responsible for the assessment and registration of pesticides and veterinary medicines and for their regulation up to and including the point of retail sale.
AP	Accredited Person	Individuals may apply to the Director-General of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry for accreditation under section 101 of the Animal Products Act 1999 to carry out verification functions and activities or other specialist functions and activities for the purposes of that Act.
AQIS	Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service	Australia's first line of defence, protecting its environment against exotic pests and diseases.
ARB	Animal Remedies Board	Is responsible for assessing and regulating environmental and other effects of animal remedies during the registration process.
ARMCANZ	Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand	A council consisting the Australian Federal, State/Territory and New Zealand Ministers responsible for agriculture, soil, water and rural adjustment policies. It was formed to develop integrated and sustainable agricultural and land and water management policies, strategies and practices for the benefit of the New Zealand and Australian communities. The council is supported by a permanent standing committee, the Standing Committee on Agriculture and Resource Management (SCARM).
ARPPA	Animal Remedy and Plant Protection Association	An association of manufacturers and distributors of animal remedies and plant protectants.
ASAQ	Australia & New Zealand Agreement on Standards, Accreditation & Quality	A formal agreement on standards, accreditation and quality between New Zealand and Australia signed in 1990. It has since been superseded by the Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement (TTMRA) qv.
ASD	Animal Status Declaration	A declaration required before animals can be sent for processing or transferred from one property/saleyard to another.
Aspartame		A non-nutritive sweetener.
ASP	Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning	Is caused by Domoic Acid in shellfish. Symptoms are mainly gastrointestinal, especially at low levels, however about a quarter of cases experience neurological problems including memory loss that may be significant and permanent. Symptoms first appear within 24 hours and neurological difficulties within 48 hours. Toxic algae of the Pseudonitzchia genus produce Domoic Acid.
Assessment		Systematic examination of an individual, organisation, plan, programme, or system against regulatory requirements.
Associate trainer		Any person approved by the LAS Administrator as competent in sample collection and in training restricted samplers.
Audit		A systematic and independent examination to determine whether activities and related results comply with planned arrangements and whether these arrangements are implemented effectively and are suitable to achieve objectives.
Authorised Signatory		A person within an organisation who is authorised by an accreditation body to sign endorsed reports on behalf of that organisation.
AVA	Australian Veterinary Association	An Australian national association representing members of the veterinary profession to all levels of government, in the media and within the community.
Avcare	National Association Crop Protection and Animal Health (Australia)	From 2006 has become two separate bodies: CropLife Australia represents the plant science industry and is responsible for crop protection and crop biotechnology; and the Animal Health Alliance (Australia) Ltd which manages animal health aspects.
AVCA	Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Association of Australia Limited	Represented the associated interests of manufacturers and distributors of agricultural and veterinary chemicals. Now CropLife Australia Ltd.
AVMAC	Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Advisory Council	A body which provides comprehensive and balanced advice to the NZFSA on matters relating to the regulatory control of agricultural compounds and veterinary medicines.
AVMA	American Veterinary Medical Association	A not-for-profit association representing more than 73,000 US veterinarians working in private and corporate practice, government, industry, academia, and uniformed services. Structured to work for its members, the AVMA acts as a collective voice for its membership and for the profession.
AWB	Air Way Bill	An internationally standardised document, printed in English and in the language of the carrier. Unlike the bill of lading, the airway bill does not give title to the goods. The bill is not a negotiable document and, by handing it to the airline, the shipper does not lose ownership of the goods. The exporter only has to present his/her copy of the air way bill to the airline to exercise a 'right of disposal' to the goods. This can be done at any time.
AWC	Available water holding capacity	The effective depth of a soil, as determined by physical and chemical barriers, together with the clay content of the soil within that depth, determine the water holding capacity of the profile, and how much of the water is available to plants.
BACC	Biosecurity Authorisation Clearance Certificate	A direction issued by MAF Quarantine Service (MAF QS) applying to all imported sea containers.
Barn-raised		Birds shall not be caged after reaching point of lay. Birds shall remain within the shed during their laying period. Birds shall be kept in accordance with the current Animal Welfare Code requirements.
BA	Business Analysis	The stage of new product development where initial marketing plans are prepared, including a tentative marketing strategy and estimates of sales, costs, and profitability.
BBP	Byproduct Biological Premises	Any byproduct (biological) premises in which byproducts used for biological purposes are processed or packed for export.
BCA	Biosecurity Control Area	A designated area within the confines of a port area to be available when required by an inspector.
BCP	Business Continuity Plan	An all-encompassing term covering both disaster recovery planning and business resumption planning.
BDDP	Biosecurity Detector Dog Programme	A programme which began in 1995 and started using beagles to detect agricultural quarantine items. There are now a number of passive response detector dog teams staffing all the major International Airports of New Zealand. There are also a number of active response dogs based in Auckland covering the International Mail Centre and International Cargo companines. These teams also combine to cover cruise ships that arrive from overseas destinations.
Benzoate		A common form of preservative.
BIC	Biosecurity Inspection Centre	(previously TTC)
BioNZ	Biosecurity New Zealand (qv BNZ)	The lead agency in New Zealand's biosecurity system. It is tasked with a whole of system leadership role, encompassing economic, environmental, social and cultural outcomes. It also has international trade and animal welfare responsibilities.
Biotoxin		A toxin produced by a living organism.
BL	Bill of Lading	A document issued by a carrier to a shipper acknowledging they have received the shipment of goods and that the goods have been placed on a particular vessel bound for a specific desitnation. The bill also states the terms in which the goods received are to be carried.
BMG	Biosecurity Monitoring Group	Established to research entry pathways in order to find gaps in New Zealand's biosecurity. It carries out periodic slippage surveys, profiles and monitors high-risk sea containers, gauges the impact of changes in pathway volumes, and researches interceptions of exotic organisms in New Zealand.
BMG	Border Monitoring Group	A Pre-clearance unit concerned with evaluating and monitoring the level of Biosecurity risk associated with border pathways.
BNZ	Biosecurity New Zealand	The lead agency in New Zealand's biosecurity system. It is tasked with a whole of system leadership role, encompassing economic, environmental, social and cultural outcomes. It also has international trade and animal welfare responsibilities.
Bobby calf		A calf that is at least 4 days old, generally unweaned and less than 45 kilograms dressed carcass weight.
BOD	Biochemical Oxygen Demand	A measure of the quantity of oxygen consumed by microorganisms during the decomposition of organic matter.
Bovine		Commonly refers to cows, beef and cattle, but technically relates to all ruminant mammals of the Bos genus, including buffalo and oxen. Also, in LAS terms, refers to the red meat species, beef, with 3 classes; bull, cow, prime.
BPWs	Byproduct Works
BSA	Biosecurity Act 1993	Aims to exclude unwanted organisms from New Zealand. Under the Act, the importation to New Zealand of any plants, animals or plant or animal products require an Import Health Permit.
BSE	Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy	A neurological disease in cattle.
BSO	Biosecurity Officer	An officer who checks areas of land for harmful animals or plants and arrange for their destruction or control.
BST	Bovine Somatropin	A growth hormone produced naturally by cows.
Bulk manufacturing beef		Manufacturing trimmings (pieces of meat remaining after intact cuts are removed) intended for use in the production of ground beef.
C&I	Compliance and Investigation	A group within MAF which ensures standards are in place and enforced.
CAC	Codex Alimentarius Commission	Created in 1963 by FAO and WHO to develop food standards, guidelines and related texts such as codes of practice under the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. The main purposes of this Programme are protecting health of the consumers and ensuring fair trade practices in the food trade, and promoting coordination of all food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non-governmental organisations.
CAHI	Canadian Animal Health Institute	CAHI is the voice of the animal health industry in Canada. The institude accomplishes this by addressing emerging animal care issues, and demonstrating leadership in a broad range of issues.
CAR	Corrective Action Request	A report prepared by the facility superviser detailing any non-compliances found during a facility audit.
CAS	Chemical Abstract Service (System)	The Chemical Abstract Service Number uniquely identifies each constituent in a chemical compound.
CCA	copperchrome- arsenate	A preservative used for treating timber.
CCFAC	Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants	Establishes and endorses permitted maximum or guideline levels for individual food additives, contaminants and naturally occurring toxicants in food and animal feed.
CCFH	Codex Committee on Food Hygiene	Drafts basic provisions on food hygiene for all foods. The term hygiene also includes, where applicable, microbiological specifications for food and associated methodology.
CCFICS	Codex Committee on Food Export & Import Inspection & Certification Systems	Develops principles and guidelines for food import and export certification systems and recognises quality assurance through developing guidelines to help ensure that foods conform to essential requirements.
CCFL	Codex Committee on Food Labelling	The Codex Committee on Food Labelling: � drafts provisions on labelling applicable to all foods; � considers, amends if necessary, and endorses draft specific provisions on labelling prepared by the Codex Committees drafting standards, codes of practice and guidelines; � studies specific labelling problems assigned to it by the Commission; and � studies problems associated with the advertisement of food with particular reference to claims and misleading descriptions.
CCGP	Codex Committee on General Principles	Deals with rules and procedures referred to it by the Codex Alimentarius Commission including the establishment of principles which define the purpose and scope of the Codex Alimentarius and the nature of Codex standards. The development of mechanisms to address any economic impact statements is also the responsibility of the CCGP.
CCMAS	Codex Committee on Methods of Analysis and Sampling	Defines criteria for Codex methods of analysis and sampling and coordinates the work of Codex with other international groups working in methods of analysis and sampling and quality assurance systems for laboratories.
CCMMP	Codex Committee Milk & Milk Products	Is responsible for establishing international codes and standards for milk and milk products.
CCNFSDU	Codex Committee on Nutrition & Foods for Special Dietary Uses	Is responsible for studying nutritional problems referred by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The committee also drafts provisions on nutritional aspects for all foods and develops guidelines, general principles, and standards for foods for special dietary uses.
CCPR	Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues	A committee of the Codex Alimentarius Commission looking at pesticide residues in food.
CCP	Critical Control Point	The control points in the food operation where it is essential to control a hazard, usually because there is no later step where controls can be put in place.
CCRVDF	Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food	Determines priorities for the consideration of residues of veterinary drugs in foods and recommends Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for veterinary drugs.
CDC	Centres for Disease Control and Prevention	Since it was founded in 1946 to help control malaria, the US-based CDC has remained at the forefront of public health efforts to prevent and control infectious and chronic diseases, injuries, workplace hazards, disabilities, and environmental health threats. Today, CDC is globally recognised for conducting research and investigations and for its action oriented approach. CDC applies research and findings to improve people�s daily lives and responds to health emergencies�something that distinguishes CDC from its peer agencies.
CD	class determination	Determines the class into which a trade name product falls under the Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines (ACVM) Act 1997.
Certificate		A certificate on company letterhead for each consignment.
Certification system		The process of raising export certificates on company letterheads for each consignment.
Certification		Procedure by which official certification bodies or officially recognised certification bodies provide written or equivalent assurance that foods or food control systems conform to requirements. Certification of food may be, as appropriate, based on a range of inspection activities which may include continuous on-line inspection, auditing of quality assurance systems, and examination of finished products.
Certified trainer		Any person approved by the LAS Administrator as competent in sample collection and in training associate and restricted samplers.
Cervine		Deer.
CER	Closer Economic Relations	A series of agreements and arrangements, that came into effect in 1983, of the New Zealand Australia Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement.
CFIA	Canadian Food Inspection Agency	The organisation which safeguards Canada�s food supply and the plants and animals upon which safe and high-quality food depends.
CFSAN	USFDA�s Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition	The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, known as CFSAN, is one of six product-oriented centres, in addition to a nationwide field force, that carry out the mission of the United States' Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA is a scientific regulatory agency responsible for the safety of the USA's domestically-produced and imported foods, cosmetics, drugs, biologics, medical devices, and radiological products.
CF	Containment Facility	A place approved in accordance with section 39 of the Biosecurity Act, for holding organisms that should not, whether for the time being or ever, become established in New Zealand.
Chronic		(Of disease) Lingering, lasting.
CIF	cost-insurance-freight	Where a seller must pay to bring the goods for export to a named port, but the risk of additional costs, loss or damage to goods is transferred to the buyer from the time the goods board the vessel. However, the seller must procure marine insurance against the buyer's risk of loss or damage to the goods during carriage.
CIG	Compliance and Investigation Group	Monitors the performance of Recognised Agencies (RA's) and intervenes directly, where necessary, to protect public safety or to enforce regulatory requirements.
CIO	Chief Information Officer	The senior strategic-level management position that oversees all information technology systems and personnel for MAF, concentrating on long-range information system planning and strategy.
Circuit Inspector		See TTS (Travelling Technical Supervisor)
CITES/CITIES	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species	An international agreement between Governments which aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
CJD	Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease	A rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease.
CL	Critical Limit	A criterion which separates acceptability from unacceptability.
CNS	Children's Nutrition Survey	A national survey assessing the nutritional status of New Zealand children, identifying what children eat, physical activity and access to healthy food for growth and development.
Code of Practice		A document reflecting acceptable industry-agreed practice, and providing information on ways of meeting regulatory requirements that are appropriate to the purpose and scope of the code.
CODEX	Codex Alimentarius	Created in 1963 by FAO and WHO to develop food standards, guidelines and related texts such as codes of practice under the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. The main purposes of this Programme are protecting health of the consumers and ensuring fair trade practices in the food trade, and promoting coordination of all food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non-governmental organisations.
Colostrum		Milk given by a milking animal within four days after giving birth.
Commercial Grade Eggs		Eggs without visible cracks but may have size/shape abnormalities or other minor defects that do not compromise egg safety or wholesomeness � not for retail sale in shell but still suitable for human consumption. These eggs are normally sold for catering, bakeries, further processing or other similar uses.
Comms	Communications	Providing relevant, timely information in a variety of forms and formats to suit the needs of people requiring food safety information.
Compliance		Status whereby all aspects of product, facilities, people, programmes, and systems meet regulatory requirements and, where applicable, importing country official requirements.
Conflict Of Interest		Any circumstance which may undermine or detract from the impartiality and/or independence of an individual or organisation.
Consignment		The goods identified in one bill of lading
Contaminant		Any substance or thing which: a. is undesirable, potentially harmful, or unexpected in a particular product or process; and b. is or may be present in, or in contact with, animal material or animal product.
Control (noun)		The state wherein correct procedures are being followed and criteria are being met.
Control (verb)		To take all necessary actions to ensure and maintain compliance with criteria established in the HACCP plan.
Control Measure		Any action and activity that can be used to prevent or eliminate a food safety hazard or reduce it to an acceptable level.
COO	Canine Operations Officers	The smallest group within the Quarantine Service with about 15 handlers. Canine Operations Officers are located in the three main centres of Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. Their work varies between the ports, airports and other risk areas. The Canine Operation Officer works directly with their dog inspecting and searching passenger, baggage, mail and cargo. They also maintain the health and training of their dog to ensure the dog can detect restricted and prohibited risk goods, plants and animals through their sense of smell.
COP	Code of Practice/Codes of Practice	Document(s) reflecting acceptable industry-agreed practice, and providing information on ways of meeting regulatory requirements that are appropriate to the purpose and scope of the code.
Corrective Action		Action taken to rectify, eliminate the causes of, and prevent recurrence of any problem/failure/non-compliance identified in a plan, procedure, process, product, programme, or system.
Corticosteroids		Cortisone-like medicines used to treat swelling.
country listing		The requirement of an importing country to establish and maintain a list of premises or places that can process or store animal material or animal product intended for export to that country and this requirement will be notified as an OMAR by NZFSA.
Cracked Eggs		Eggs that can be sent for further processing (Pasteurisation or equivalent) or for animal consumption.
Critical control point		A step at which control can be applied that is essential to prevent or eliminate a hazard or reduce it to an acceptable level.
Critical Hazard		A hazard that could result in contamination that could be injurious to health or contamination by foreign matter.
Critical limit		A criterion which separates acceptability from unacceptability.
Critical Non-compliance		An action, event or omission which may result in � (i) failure to follow the lawful direction of an Animal Products Officer; (ii) an alleged offence against the Animal Products Act 1999; (iii) a critical situation; (iv) failure of a critical control point within a risk management programme or approved plan; (v) failure to identify when dairy material or dairy product is non-conforming; (vi) failure to stop a non-compliance; (vii) failure to keep accurate and complete records; (viii) failure to provide accurate, complete, and timely reports; (ix) failure to dispose of non-conforming dairy material or dairy product in compliance with regulatory requirements; (x) failure to prevent recurrence of a non-compliance; or (xi) failure to rectify a non-compliance within the specified timeframe.
Critical Situation		Any situation which, in the professional judgement of the Inspector, places public health, animal welfare, market access, official assurances, national good, or NZFSA�s credibility at risk, or where an offence is suspected.
CRI	Crown Research Institute	Crown entity companies established to undertake scientific research and related activities under the Crown Research Institutes Act 1992.
CR	Competency Reviews	Reviews of competency to ensure familiarity with requirements.
CSIRO	Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation	Australia's national science agency and one of the largest and most diverse research agencies in the world.
CSI	Commercially Sensitive Information	Information considered sensitive to a commercial operation.
CSI	Confidential Supporting Information	Confidential information given in, or in relation to, an innovative agricultural compound application; and, about the agricultural compound that is or was, as the case may be, the subject of that application.
CSM	Customer Services Manager	Identifies, within an organisation, which areas require consumer focus and ensures that consumer satisfaction is maintained at all times.
CTO	Chief Technical Officer	A person appointed a chief technical officer under section 101 of the Biosecurity Act 1993.
CT	concentration time (re FAC chlorine levels)	Researchers monitor FAC (freely available chlorine) and total chlorine levels during experiments and report the results as CT values; �C� being the concentration of chlorine in milligrams/litre (mg/L), and �T� being exposure time in minutes. CT values are often used to calculate microbial inactivation and to evaluate the effectiveness of water treatment systems.
CVM	Centre for Veterinary Medicine	Within the US FDA the Centre regulates the manufacture and distribution of food additives, drugs and devices administered to animals.
CVO	Chief Veterinary Officer
D-G	Director-General	The Director-General of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
D-Series	Dairy series	Dairy series of technical standards.
DAFF	Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia)	Is responsible for Australia's agricultural, fisheries, forestry and food industries. The department's role is to increase the competitiveness, profitability and sustainability of these industries.
Dairy Factory		Any factory engaged in the manufacture of dairy products and includes a skimming station, a buying or receiving station, or any other premises ancillary to a dairy factory.
Dairy Manufacturer		Operator of a dairy factory processing dairy material.
Dairy material		(a) animal material that is (i) milk extracted from a milking animal; and (ii) any material derived or processed from milk extracted from a milking animal, up until delivery of the material at the place of sale for consumption or for end use for purposes other than consumption, or its export; and (b) includes dairy product that, having been purchased or imported, is further processed.
Dairy processing		All processing activities in relation to dairy material (see Dairy Glossary)
Dairy processor		A person who, for reward (otherwise than as an employee) or for purposes of trade, carries out dairy processing; and (a) includes (i) a farm dairy operator; (ii) a transporter of dairy material from a farm dairy to a place of processing or manufacture; (iii) a transporter of dairy material from one place of processing or manufacture to another; (iv) an operator of any premises where dairy material is processed or manufactured or stored; (v) a transporter of dairy material to the place of export or sale for consumption or end use for purposes other than consumption; (b) does not include persons (such as airline or shipping staff, stevedores, retailers, or wholesalers) handling the relevant product at the port of export or at the place of sale for consumption or use.
Dairy product		(a) animal product that, having originally been dairy material (i) has been delivered to the place of sale for consumption, or for end use for purposes other than consumption; or (ii) has left New Zealand's territorial waters in the course of its export; and (b) includes 'dairy produce' within the meaning of the Dairy Industry Act 1952 (as in force before its repeal by section 75 of the Animal Products (Ancillary and Transitional Provisions) Act 1999).
DAS	Data Assessment Service
Date of Manufacture		The date on which the product becomes the product as described.
Date of Packaging		The date on which the product is placed in the immediate container in which it will ultimately be sold.
Days		Unless specified otherwise, days refers to calendar days. Working days means Monday to Friday inclusive, excluding statutory holidays.
DDI	Direct dial in	A direct line to a person without diverting through a third party/reception.
DDT	Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane	A colourless pesticide which is toxic to humans and animals when ingested orally or absorbed through skin. It was commonly used by farmers in the 1950s but its use was banned in 1972.
Defect		Includes: � Any utensil, piece of machinery, apparatus, building structure, conveyance, ship that is used in connection with dairy produce that is in an unclean or unwholesome condition; � Any person employed in or about a dairy affected or exposed to any contagious or infectious disease; � Any stock in or about a dairy that are diseased; and � Any food or water supplied to stock or used in connection with a dairy that is impure or unwholesome.
DEFRA (UK)	Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (formerly MAFF)	A UK government department aimed at bringing together the interests of farmers, the countryside, the environment, rural economy, food, air and water. It endeavours to integrate environmental, social and economic objectives: putting sustainable development into practice.
Designated Person		An employee of the organisation covered by a NZFSA-approved programme (e.g. QCP), who is authorised by the accountable person to sign summaries of records and copies of records and test reports on the accountable person�s behalf.
Deviation		Failure to meet a critical limit.
DFR	Domestic Food Review (qv)	A wide-ranging and long-term project to review New Zealand's domestic food regulatory programme. The key aims of the review include: � ensuring imports, producers and retailers are responsible for safe and suitable food; � minimising compliance costs and interventions; � facilitating trade and commerce in food and food-related products; and � reduce foodborne illness and protect consumers. Seven position papers have been published outlining the way forward for New Zealand�s domestic food regulatory regime. Submissions on the most recent paper closed in April 2006, and a summary of submissions was published in July. The submissions will be analysed and recommendations made to Government to make changes to the system.
DGC	Dairy Goat Co-operative	Manufactures and markets a range of products made from goat milk.
DHB	District Health Board	District Health Boards (DHBs) are responsible for providing, or funding the provision of, health and disability services in their district.
DHHS	Department of Health and Human Services (Tasmania, Australia)	The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) provides integrated services to the people of Tasmania in the areas of health, housing and community services.
DIA	Dairy Industry Act	Repealed June 31, 2005
Direct supervision		In relation to any function, operation or activity means supervising any function, operation or activity while in sufficiently close physical proximity to ensure that any relevant specifications are met.
Director-General		The Director-General of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. qv D-G
DIR	Dairy Industry Regulations	Dairy Industry Regulations 1977 were repealed in October 1990 and the Dairy Industry Regulations 1990 introduced. These regulations relate to the production, manufacture, transport, storage and testing of dairy produce.
Disease		Any animal illness which may make raw milk unsatisfactory for the manufacture of dairy product.
DMC	Decision Making Committee	Assesses an application and any other relevant information associated with it as part of the regulatory process.
DOB	Dual Operator Butcher	A retail butcher who also provides homekill and recreational catch services at the same premises or place.
Domestic Food Review	(see also DFR)	A wide-ranging and long-term project to review New Zealand's domestic food regulatory programme. The key aims of the review include: � ensuring imports, producers and retailers are responsible for safe and suitable food; � minimising compliance costs and interventions; � facilitating trade and commerce in food and food-related products; and � reduce foodborne illness and protect consumers. Seven position papers have been published outlining the way forward for New Zealand�s domestic food regulatory regime. Submissions on the most recent paper closed in April 2006, and a summary of submissions was published in July. The submissions will be analysed and recommendations made to Government to make changes to the system.
DO	Dissolved Oxygen	A measure, usually in parts-per-million, used to assess the health of an aquatic ecosystem.
DPD	N, N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine	A chemical used in testing for the presence of chlorine.
DPIWE	Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment (Tasmania, Australia)	The Department's primary role is to manage the state's natural resources for the benefit of all Tasmanians
DPMC	Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet	One of the three central agencies (along with the State Services Commission and Treasury) responsible for co-ordinating and managing public sector performance.
DPSAC	Dairy Product Safety Advisory Council	A forum set up in January 1999 to promote communication between NZFSA and the dairy industry; to advise NZFSA and assist in developing standards and policies.
DSMD	days soil moisture deficit	A measure of drought.
DSP	Deer Slaughtering Premises	Premises where all farmed deer sold for venison consumption, must by law, be slaughtered.
DSP	Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning	Is caused by Okadaic Acid and related compounds. Symptoms are diarrhoea, nausea, and vomiting and abdominal pain. Acute symptoms usually occur within 12 hours and are of short duration. DSP group toxins are produced by a variety of phytoplankton species, mainly of the Dinophysis genus.
DX	Dairy Exporter	A registered exporter of dairy products (subject to an approved Product Safety Programme qv).
E coli O157		Intestinal bacteria. Some strains produce toxins. See also EHEC and Zoonose
E&ER	Event & Emergency Response	Is responsible for the development, maintenance and review of standards, systems, programmes and tools for response to food and food related events (eg food recalls) and emergencies (eg liaison with agencies on avian influenza) in New Zealand.
E-Cert	Electronic Certification	The tool used by the NZFSA and MAF to help provide government-to-government assurances that the products received by an importing country comply with its standards.
E. coli O157:H7 screening programme		Test programme that screens for E. coli O157:H7 which may include confirmed positive results for other related organisms of the VTEC/STEC group.
ECMS	Enterprise Content Management System	Software allowing the capture, storage, retrieval and dissemination of files for enterprise use and content management.
EC	E-Cert	Electronic Certification. qv E-Cert
EC	European Commission	Embodies and upholds the general interest of the European Union and the driving force in its institutional system. The commission's four main roles are to propose legislation, administer and implement community policies, to enforce community law (jointly with the Court of Justice) and to negotiate international agreements, mainly those relating to trade and cooperation.
EDI	Estimated Daily Intake	Prediction of the daily intake of a pesticide residue, based on the most realistic estimation of residues in food items and the best available food consumption data for a specific population. Residue levels are estimated taking into account known uses of the pesticide, the proportion of commodity treated and the quantity of contaminated commodities. The EDI is expressed in milligrams of residues per person.
EDPR	Exotic Disease and Pest Response	A system designed to maintain a capability to respond to suspect exotic diseases, confirm diagnosis as quickly as possible, and respond according to government/industry-agreed technical plans.
ED	eligibility document	A document raised by an operator and issued by an official assurance verifier, which confirms the eligibility for export of any animal material or product that requires an official assurance.
EEZ	Exclusive Economic Zone	An area extending 200 nautical miles from the New Zealand coast. It includes both sea and seabed. The country has sovereign rights over the resources of sea and sea-bed within the zone.
eGIF	electronic Government Interoperability Framework	Sets out government technical policies and standards for achieving interoperability and information systems coherence across the public sector.
EHEC	enterohaemorrhagic E. coli	E. coli O157 is the most common enterohaemorrhagic E. coli in New Zealand, and is a subset of the STEC (VTEC) group.
EHO	Environmental Health Officer	Monitor and investigate the health and hygiene of registered premises, such as food or liquor outlets, camping grounds, hairdressers, swimming pools and mortuaries, and grant licences to them. They also investigate environmental problems or conditions that could endanger public health such as monitoring noise control of industries, overcrowding in housing, contaminated water, air quality and littering.
eligibility declaration		A document raised by an operator that confirms the eligibility for export of any fish material or fish product that requires an official assurance.
EMEA	European Medicines Evaluation Agency (UK)	European Medicines Agency (EMEA) is a decentralised body of the European Union with headquarters in London. Its main responsibility is the protection and promotion of public and animal health, through the evaluation and supervision of medicines for human and veterinary use. The EMEA coordinates the evaluation and supervision of medicinal products throughout the European Union. The Agency brings together the scientific resources of the 25 EU Member States in a network of 42 national competent authorities. It cooperates closely with international partners, reinforcing the EU contribution to global harmonisation.
Emetics		Nausea-inducing drugs used to treat poisoning with certain toxins.
EMRL	Extraneous Maximum Residue Limit	A pesticide residue or a contaminant arising from environmental sources (including former agricultural uses) other than the use of a pesticide or contaminant substance directly or indirectly on the commodity. It is the maximum concentration of a pesticide residue or contaminant that is recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to be legally permitted or recognized as acceptable in or on a food, agricultural commodity, or animal feed. The concentration is expressed in milligrams of pesticide residue or contaminant per kilogram of the commodity.
Endosulfan		A pesticide widely used around the world in horticulture.
Enforcement		Investigation and prosecution of suspected breaches of New Zealand legislation.
Enteric		Relating to the intestines, often with respect to intestinal disease
Enterobacter sakazakii		A micro-organism known to cause a rare form of foodborne illness in infants.
EPA	Environmental Protection Agency	A US government organisation which has a mission to protect human health and the environment. EPA leads the nation's environmental science, research, education and assessment efforts. It develops and enforces regulations and offers some financial assistance.
EPF NZ	Egg Producers Federation (New Zealand)	The industry body representing all egg farmers in New Zealand including free-range, barn and cage production systems.
EPS	Export Phytosanitary Standards	Quarantine requirements set out by importing countries which must be met before they will accept New Zealand forest produce.
Equipment		Includes: a. the whole or any part of any utensil, machine, fitting, device, instrument, stamp, apparatus, table, or article, that is used or available for use in or for the preparing, marking, processing, packing, storing, carrying, or handling of any animal material, animal product, ingredient, additive, or processing aid; and b. any utensil or machine used or capable of being used in the cleaning of any equipment or facilities.
ERMA	Environmental Risk Management Agency	A body established under the HSNO Act which makes decisions on the import, development, field testing or manufacturing of new organisms.
ESR-CDC	Environmental and Science Research Limited-Communicable Disease Centre (New Zealand)	ESR's Communicable Disease Programme provides information that contributes to our understanding of infectious diseases in New Zealand. Systematic studies of pathogenic microorganisms are an essential component of infectious disease prevention and control programmes.
ESR	Institute of Environmental & Science Research Ltd	Provides a range of commercial scientific services from applied science and research, consultancy and analytical services, through to the provision of advanced scientific information systems. Provide specialist science solutions relating to: public health, environmental health and forensic science.
Essential Services		Includes the provision of process gases, lighting, ventilation, water, and waste management
ESTI	Estimated Short Term Intake	May be used to estimate exposure based on the highest reported 97.5th percentile intake during a single day by consumers only that are reported by countries having such individual consumption data.
ETA	Estimated Time of Arrival	The expected date and time of arrival at a certain place.
ETD	Estimated Time of Departure	The expected date and time of departure from a certain place.
ETEC	Enterotoxigenic E. coli	A strain of the E. coli bacteria that produces a toxin which acts on the intestinal lining, and is the most common cause of traveller's diarrhea.
EUP	Experimental Use Permit	A document issued under the Pesticides Act 1979, allowing for limited field trials for experimental research.
European Food Safety Authority		European Union food safety risk assessment body.
EU	European Union	A union of twenty-five independent states based on the European Communities and founded to enhance political, economic and social co-operation.
Evaluation		An assessment of a Food Control Plan that is independent of the �person� responsible for the Plan, to determine compliance with regulatory requirements and appropriateness for the operation to which the Plan is to apply; involves review of documentation and, in some cases, review of operations or observation of practice; when undertaken by a party other than the regulator, that individual or agency must be recognised by the regulator as competent.
Exotic		Introduced from abroad
export approved premises		Those premises not covered by the Meat Act or Apiaries Act regimes, or Parts 2, 3 and 4 of the Act, which have, at their request, been specifically approved and listed by the Director-General for the purpose of producing animal material and product eligible for official assurances subject to the relevant overseas market access requirements. This includes but is not limited to premises processing poultry, possums, rabbits, emu, ostriches, avian eggs, blood products, bee products and wool.
Export		Transport of goods, for the purpose of sale, outside New Zealand�s territory (i.e. Beyond the twelve mile limit).
External verification		The process of verification of the registered RMP by a recognised RMP verifier.
External verifier		An entity recognised by the regulator to undertake external verification activities on behalf of the regulator, and is independent of the �person� whose Food Control Plan is being verified.
EX	Exporter	A person or organisation which undertakes to export products.
E�Verification		The electronic verification of consignments that comply with certain eligibility requirements.
FAA	Food Assurance Authority	Is responsible for developing, setting and administering food safety and related standards for exports of horticultural, dairy, meat and seafood products. It also provides a similar role for meat and dairy products sold on the New Zealand market.
Facilities		Includes water supply, steam supply, refrigeration, heating, ventilation, lighting, air conditioning, effluent disposal, waste disposal and sanitary arrangements for personnel.
FAO	Food & Agriculture Organisation	A United Nations agency that aims to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living, promote rural development and eliminate hunger.
FAQs	Frequently Asked Questions	A list of answers to questions most frequently asked.
Farm Dairy		Includes a dairy where milking animals are milked; any stockyard, milking yard, stable stall or shed associated with a farm dairy; and any dairy associated with a farm dairy where milk extracted in the farm dairy is collected, filtered, deposited, separated, cooled or stored, or treated or stabilised to prepare for transport. It does not include a place (not being a dairy where milking animals are milked) where milk is processed or treated, other than by being collected, filtered, separated, stirred, or cooled, or treated or stabilised to prepare for transport.
FBI	Foodborne Illness	Illness caused by bacteria which multiply very fast on food in moist, warm conditions.
FCL	Full Container Load	Where goods being shipped are for a single consignee the status of the container is Full Container Load. If the goods are for more than one consignee then the correct status is LCL (Less than a Container Load) qv.
FCP	Food Control Plan	A management plan that covers safety and suitability and that is proposed to supersede (and be the collective term for) all current food safety management plans; the intention is that in future every �person� will be covered by a Food Control Plan unless exempted. A food control plan is always science-based and will be risk-based to the extent practicable.
FDA (US)	Food and Drug Administration of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare of the United States of America	A United States consumer protection agency which has aims to: � promote and protect public health by helping safe and effective products reach the market in a timely way, � monitor products for continued safety after they are in use, and � help the public get the accurate, science-based information needed to improve health.
FDA BAM	Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual for Foods	A manual produced by the FDA which presents the agency's preferred laboratory procedures for microbiological analyses of foods and cosmetics.
FDA-MAF MOU	Federal Drug Administration - Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Memorandum of Understanding	The U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Food and Drug Administration Memorandum of Understanding Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 1974.
FEMA	Flavour and Extract Manufacturer's Association of the USA	American national association of the flavour industry, engaged principally in activities which ensure a substantial supply of safe flavour materials.
FHG	Food Handler Guidance	Guidance material covering necessary steps to deliver safe and suitable food; intended to be used where education has been determined as the most appropriate approach to delivering safety and suitability.
Fit for intended purpose		The phrase, used in relation to any animal product, that has been processed in accordance with the requirements of a registered risk management programme under the Animal Products Act 1999, means that by reason of animal material or product having had the relevant risk factors managed and meeting any relevant animal product standards and associated specifications, the product is suitable for the purpose for which the product is specifically stated or could reasonably be presumed to be intended having regard to its nature, packaging, and identification.
Fit for Purpose		Suitable for the purpose for which the product is specifically stated or could reasonably be presumed to be intended, having regard to its nature, packaging, and identification.
Fitness for Purpose (of a test method)		The suitability of a test method for a particular application. Fitness for purpose examines the effect of the test method�s characteristics on assessments made using the results generated by that method, e.g. in a sampling plan used to determine whether a lot is acceptable.
FMA (or NZFMA)	Feed Manufacturers Association (or New Zealand Feed Manufacturers Association)	Represents the interests of almost all New Zealand's animal feed manufacturing companies. Is heavily involved with the implementation and maintenance of practical and effective industry standards.
FMD	Foot and Mouth Disease	A contagious disease in animals.
FOB	free on board	A shipping term which indicates the supplier will pay shipping costs from the point of manufacture to point of delivery, at which point the buyer takes responsibility.
FONZ	Functions of New Zealand	A thesaurus created for use with the NZGLS (New Zealand Government Locator Service) qv metadata standard. (see also SONZ)
Food hygiene		All conditions and measures necessary to ensure the safety and suitability of food at all stages of the food chain.
Food regulatory programme		The overarching food programme in New Zealand for which the New Zealand Food Safety Authority is accountable, and within which decisions on the type of involvement (regulatory and non-regulatory) are made.
Food safety		All aspects of food hygiene that contribute to the production, processing, distribution, storage and sale of safe food.
Food		Any thing or article, whether processed, semi-processed or raw, which is intended for human consumption. This includes drink, chewing gum and any substance which enters into or is used in the composition, manufacture, preparation and preservation, of any food or drink but does not include cosmetics or tobacco, or substances used only as medicines and drugs. Includes: bottled water, primary produce eg, live shellfish, fruit on a tree, water used in manufacture of a food, chewing gum, by-products of animals if they go into food May include: live animals and plants (depending on intent) Excludes: cookware and related products eg, pie dish, packaging (except for edible packaging)
Foreign Matter		Any extraneous thing: i. That is injurious to health or harmful; or ii. That is offensive; or iii. The presence of which would be unexpected or unreasonable in food of that description prepared or packed for sale in accordance with good trade practice.
FPH	Fish Packing House	Any premises used for the processing, handling, holding, or storage of fish for export for human consumption.
FRC	Fonterra Research Centre	The primary Research & Development business within the Fonterra Dairy Cooperative. Formerly the New Zealand Dairy Research Institute.
Free Range		Birds shall be free ranged in accordance with the current Animal Welfare Code requirements. Birds shall have access to open-air runs and sheds.
FRSP	Food Residues Surveillance Programme	A programme focusing on the residue levels in foods.
FSANZ	Food Standards Australia New Zealand	A body which develops standards for food sold in New Zealand and Australia, mainly relating to its composition and labelling.
FSIS	Food Safety and Inspection Service (US)	The public health agency in the United States Department of Agriculture responsible for ensuring that the nation's commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe, wholesome, and correctly labelled and packaged.
FSNet	Food Safety Net information service	An electronic bulletin of food safety issues produced by researchers at the Agri-Food Risk Management and Communications Project at the University of Guelph, is edited by Douglas Powell and Sarah Grant, and is supported by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Health Canada, the U.S. National Pork Producers, the U.S. National Food Processors Association, Pfizer Animal Health Group, Dairy Farmers of Canada, AGCare (Agricultural Groups Concerned About Resources and the Environment), Monsanto Canada, Pioneer Hi-Bred Limited (Canada), Canadian Animal Health Institute, Novartis Crop Protection Canada, Dairy Farmers of Ontario, Meat & Livestock Australia, Canadian On-Farm Food Safety Program, Canadian Pork Council, the U.S. National Cattlemen's Beef Association, Maple Leaf Meats/Poultry, Caravelle Foods, CKE Restaurants Inc., the Rutgers University Food Safety Extension Program, Ontario Farm Animal Council, Fleishman-Hillard Canada, Ag-West Biotech, Food Safety Initiative at New England Medical Center, J.M. Schneider, Capital Health, Parmalat Food, the Ontario Soybean Growers Marketing Board, the Canadian Cattlemen's Association, Food Industry Environmental Network, Canadian Poultry and Egg Processors, Chicken Farmers of Canada, MDS Nordion, American Meat Institute, International Food Focus, and the Agricultural Adaptation Council (CanAdapt Program).
FSO	Food Safety Objective	A statement which expresses the level of hazard in a food that is tolerable in relation to an appropriate level of consumer protection. Ideally, it is based on a risk analysis process. When justified by either a qualitative or quantitative risk assessment, an FSO should express the level of hazard as its maximum tolerable frequency and/or concentration.
FSP	Food Safety Programme	A written programme designed to manage food safety. It examines all steps involved in producing food (from ingredient purchase through to final sale), identifying things with the potential to cause harm to the consumer (the hazards), and implementing controls to eliminate or control such hazards.
Full Assessment		An assessment to confirm that staff, facilities, operations and procedures comply with regulatory requirements and documented procedures are followed. Information gathered will include, but need not be limited to, records, discussions with management and personnel, and the observation of activities.
FYI	For Your Information	Notes or explanations to clarify or enhance the reader's understanding.
GAP	Good Agricultural Practice	A practice determined by the ACVM Group with regard to the withholding period of product used on food or feed crops.
GATT	General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade	An agreement (first signed in 1947) and a precursor to the World Trade Organisation. It was designed to provide an international forum encouraging free trade between member states through regulating and reducing tariffs, and by providing trade dispute resolution. It now has more than 110 member countries.
GDP	Gross Domestic Product	A measure of how big an economy is.
GD	Game Depot	Premises used or intended to be used as a depot for holding killed game prior to the delivery of the game to a licensed game packing house or licensed game inspection premises.
GEMS/Food	Global Environment Monitoring System - Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme	Part of the World Health Organisation, this body informs governments, the Codex Alimentarius Commission and other relevant institutions (as well as the public), on levels and trends of contaminants in food, their contribution to total human exposure, and significance with regard to public health and trade.
Generally fit and healthy		Means to a layperson who is familiar with the normal behaviour of the type of animal, that the animal display signs or behaviour of being reasonably bright and alert; and does not display signs or behaviour that would suggest the animal is very sick or dying.
GE	Genetic Engineering (see also GM/GMO)	Altering genetic material in a way which does not happen naturally.
GHP	Good Hygienic Practice	All practices regarding the conditions and measures necessary to ensure the safety and suitability of food at all stages of the food chain.
GIB	Game Industry Board	Was set up in 1985 and charged with the orderly development of the deer industry and the orderly marketing of deer products. The Board�s function includes the provision of a secretarial and information service to the deer industry, involving information and data management, market access services and strategy development.
GIP	Game Inspection Premises	Premises used or intended to be used for the holding or storage of killed game for the purposes of inspection.
GLP	Good Laboratory Practice	Sets out the organisation, process and conditions under which laboratory studies are undertaken. These practices aim promote test data quality and validity.
GM/GMO	Genetically Modified/Genetically Modified Organism	Genetic material which has been altered in a way which does not happen naturally.
GMP	Good Manufacturing Practice	Internationally accepted guidelines that describe proven systems and procedures for the production of quality products. They also contain the documentation requirements to provide a traceable history of the production and distribution of every batch of product.
GOP	Good Operating Practice	All aspects of good practice relevant to food production and processing, including, where relevant, Good Agricultural Practice, Good Hygienic Practice and Good Manufacturing Practice, and may also be referred to as supporting systems.
GPH	Game Packing House	Premises used or intended to be used for processing, dressing or packing of game (or produce derived from game) for human consumption.
GRAS	Generally Regarded As Safe	A substance classification which can be made by the ACVM Group.
GREX	General Export Requirements	General export requirements and associated specifications notified or made available under section 59A of the Act
GVP	Good Veterinary Practice	A standard specifying veterinary ethics and principles of conduct as well as the requirements relating to quality management systems within a veterinary organisation.
HACCP Plan	Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Plan	A document prepared in accordance with the principles of HACCP to ensure control of hazards which are significant for food safety in the segment of the food chain in under consideration.
HACCP	Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point	A system which identifies, evaluates, and controls hazards that are significant for food safety.
Hazard Analysis		The process of collecting and evaluating information on hazards and conditions leading to their presence to decide which are significant for food safety and therefore should be addressed in the HACCP plan.
Hazard		A biological, chemical or physical agent in, or condition of, food with the potential to cause an adverse health effect.
HAZOP	Hazard Analysis and Operability Review	A systematic identification of possible hazards and operational difficulties in relation to plant and equipment design.
HC	Human Consumption	Designed or intended to be ingested by humans.
Heat treatment		Application of a 6D listericidal process, or alternative agreed with NZFSA.
HGP	Hormonal Growth Promotant	Synthetically produced substances used to artificially enhance meat production.
HKRCSP	Homekill and Recreational Catch Service Provider	A butcher of homekill and recreationally caught meat.
Homekill product		Will be treated as being for the use or consumption of the owner, and not for trade if: � in the case of an animal belonging to a farmer, the farmer supplies the homekill product to an employee of the farmer who is employed in an ongoing manner in the farmers daily farming operations, for the use or consumption of that employee (including his or her family or household); or � the edible part of the homekill product is for the use or consumption of the owner (or the owners family, household or farm employee), and only parts of the homekill product that are not for human or animal consumption are traded; or � where an animal has been killed for humane reasons at a place other than the owner�s property or the service provider's premises or place, the animal product may be treated as homekill. Owner�s property in this instance refers to land which the owner owns, leases or has legal right to occupy, and uses for the purposes of farming or similar operations.
Homekill		An animal that: � is killed or processed (whether personally or by an agent) by its owner for the use or consumption of the owner on his or her own property; or � is killed or processed either by its owner or by another person who is listed as a homekill or recreational catch service provider by the Director-General, and is not in compliance with the requirements of a registered RMP. This may occur at the owner's own property, or on the service provider's premises or place.
HPO	Health Protection Officer	A health professional who protects public health through ensuring public health risks are identified and managed; investigates public health concerns; enforces public health legislation; maintains effective monitoring and surveillance systems and provides evidence based public health advice and information.
HSNO	Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act	Legislation aimed at managing risks from hazardous substances and new organisms (including genetically modified organisms) in New Zealand.
HS	Hides & Skins Premises	A premises registered with MAF where hides and skins (not intended for human or animal consumption) are stored or processed before export with official assurances.
Human or animal consumption		Used in relation to any animal product, means that the product is intended to be eaten, or taken orally, or administered parentally, or applied topically.
IANZ	International Accreditation New Zealand	The national authority for the accreditation of testing laboratories, radiology services, and inspection services. The organisation promotes the development and maintenance of good practices in testing and inspection maintain a registration scheme for those organisations accredited.
ICH	International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use	A unique project bringing together the regulatory authorities of Europe, Japan and the United States and experts from the pharmaceutical industry in the three regions to discuss scientific and technical aspects of product registration. The purpose is to make recommendations on ways to achieve greater harmonisation in the interpretation and application of technical guidelines and requirements for product registration in order to reduce or obviate the need to duplicate the testing carried out during the research and development of new medicines.
ICMSF	International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food	An international organisation which has the primary goal to provide timely, science-based guidance to governments and industry on appraising and controlling the microbiological safety of foods.
ICPR	Importing Countries Phytosanitary Requirements Register	A MAF Biosecurity document that specifies an importing country's phytosanitary requirements based on the legislation and regulations of that country, as well as on any correspondence and negotiations that have contributed to the clarification of requirements.
ICR	Importing Country Requirement	The importing country requirements and associated specifications issued or made available under section 60 of the Animal Products Act 1999.
IDF	International Dairy Federation	An organisation created by the dairy sector worldwide where dairy specialists of all kinds meet to resolve common issues and exchange ideas and experience. IDF work is strategically focused on providing science-based information on which Governments and legislators can develop policy and regulations.
IEDI	International Estimate of Dietary Intake	Used to estimate exposure to residues in diet.
IFAH	International Federation for Animal Health	The federation representing manufacturers of veterinary medicines, vaccines and other animal health products in both developed and developing countries across five continents.
IFOAM	International Federation of Organic Movements	IFOAM's mission is leading, uniting and assisting the organic movement in its full diversity. The organisation's goal is the worldwide adoption of ecologically, socially and economically sound systems that are based on the principles of Organic Agriculture.
IHP	Import Health Permit	Documentation required for the importing of domestic dogs and cats into New Zealand.
IHS	Import Health Standard	Documents issued under Section 22(1) of the Biosecurity Act 1993. They state the requirements that must met before risk goods can be imported into New Zealand.
ILCP	Inter-Laboratory Comparison Programme	A scheme that enables �like� laboratories to compare their performance.
ILG	Industry Liaison Group
IMA lot		A quantity of product covered by a single IMA certificate and a single corresponding import licence which has been issued for the identical product and quantity as the IMA certificate presented to the competent customs authority for entry into free circulation under the tariff quota referred to in Article 5 of EC Regulation 1374/98.
IMA Product		Dairy product intended for export to the European Union (EU) in accordance with EC Regulation 1374/98.
IMA	Inward Monitoring Arrangement	Certification is required for the import of tariff quota product.
Imported animal material or product		Animal material or product imported into New Zealand, and includes New Zealand animal material or product which is mixed with imported material or product.
Importing country requirement		Official sanitary, truth of labelling, and/or related specifications set by the relevant competent authority for the importation of animal or plant products.
IMPS (US)	Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications	A series of meat product specifications maintained by AMS (US Agricultural Marketing Service). They are developed as voluntary consensus specifications. Large volume purchasers such as federal, state and local government agencies, schools, restaurants, hotels, and other food service users reference the IMPS for procuring meat products.
ImpS	Import Systems	The imported food system comprises the standards that underpin institutional arrangements, operational delivery, equivalence determinations and other pre-clearance arrangements with competent authorities in exporting countries and consultation.
IMSIS	Integrated Meat & Seafood Information System	A database which stores records of registered exporters and service providers such as homekill butchers, as well as their risk management programmes.
IM	Information Management	Use of technology for the collection, processing and storing information for efficient management.
Independent		Free of conflict of interest and not involving an employee relationship with the manufacturing company.
Infective Dose		Number of microorganisms needed to induce illness.
Intended purpose		The purpose stated or a purpose that could reasonably be presumed to be intended for a food, having regard to its nature, packaging and identification.
Internal verification		Verification that an operator or person undertakes on behalf of the food business (also known as operator verification).
Internal verifier		The �person� or someone on his/her behalf, undertaking internal verification of that person�s Food Control Plan, as required by the Food Control Plan.
IntIS	International Standards	Agreed technical regulations presumed not to create an unnecessary obstacle to international trade.
Intrusive Maintenance		Maintenance or cleaning of the equipment which involves breaching a barrier to external contamination, e.g. Cutting a pipe and exposing the inside of the pipe to the outside environment.
IPCC	The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change	Established by the World Meteorological Organisation and the United Nations Environment Programme to assess scientific, technical and socio- economic information relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation. It is open to all Members of the UN and of WMO.
IPC	Important Product Characteristic	A measurable criterion that contributes to the safety and suitability of the product, and has not been defined as a regulatory limit.
IP	Information Pamphlet	A publication designed to provide relevant information on a particular topic to the public or a particular group.
ISO Guide 25		ISO/IEC Guide 25: 1990 (E) entitled General requirements for the technical competence of testing laboratories (has been replaced by ISO Standard 17025:2000).
ISO Standard 17020		ISO Standard entitled, General criteria for the operation of various types of bodies performing inspections (identical to EN 45004:1990).
ISO Standard 17025		ISO Standard entitled, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (This replaced ISO Guide 25:1990. The 2000 edition is in the process of being replaced by the 2005 edition).
ISO	The name used by the International Organisation for Standardisation. (It is not an acronym but rather a name based on the Greek word isos, meaning equal.)	A network of the national standards institutes of 156 countries (one member per country) with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system.
ISSP	Information Systems Strategic Plan	Outlines major issues, priorities, expectations, actions and projects for information systems.
IS	Industry Standard	Rules, regulations, and generally accepted operating procedures, practices and requirements as set down by national trade associations, and state and local government laws.
ITB	International Terminal Building (Auckland International Airport)	A facility through which international passengers must pass, and be cleared, before entering or leaving the country.
ITIL	Information Technology Information Library	An internationally-recognised good practice service management framework.
ITO	Industry Training Organisation	Arranges training for employees within a particular industry and oversees the quality of training arrangements.
IVA	Independent Verification Agency	A supplier of official services in accordance with requirements specified in this MAF Biosecurity forestry standard which must be (including their staff) free of commercial and/or financial interest in either the produce being inspected and/or the operator being audited.
IVP	Independent Verification Programme	Is the cornerstone of an independent MAF checking system that is used to provide confidence in the regulatory systems. The IVP: � verifies the integrity of the sampling, sample handling, testing and decision making processes which are integral parts of the RMP; � enables NZFSA to provide assurances about the integrity of the regulatory system to other competent authorities; and � supports the implicit assurances given to domestic consumers.
JAS-ANZ	Joint Accreditation Systems of Australia and New Zealand	A trans-Tasman institution established by treaty between the governments of Australian and New Zealand. It is responsible for the accreditation of certification bodies which carry out independent audits of management systems such as quality management systems (ISO9001:2000), environmental management systems (ISO14001) or other management systems with specified criteria as well as product and personnel certification. JAS-ANZ also accredits inspection bodies in Australia and New Zealand. It is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IAF) and its associated regional body, the Pacific Accreditation Cooperation (PAC).
JECFA	Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives	An international scientific expert committee is administered jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). It has been meeting since 1956, initially to evaluate the safety of food additives. Its work now also includes the evaluation of contaminants, naturally occurring toxicants and residues of veterinary drugs in food.
JFS	Joint Food Standards	Standards set under the Joint Food Standards Setting Treaty qv between Australia and New Zealand.
JMPR	Joint Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide Residues & the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues	Not officially part of the Codex Alimentarius Commission structure, the JMPR provides independent scientific expert advice to the commission and its specialist committee on pesticide residues.
Joint Food Standards Setting Treaty		A 1995 agreement between the Australian and New Zealand governments concerning a joint food standards system. (see also Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code)
JVPA	Japan Veterinary Pharmaceutical Association	Formed in 2003 this organisation is a representative for those dealing with veterinary pharmaceutical medicines and medical equipment.
K9	Canine	Dog
KCC	Kiwi Car Carriers	A shipping line operating a fleet of dedicated Pure Car Carrier vessels between the Japanese ports, Australia and New Zealand.
Killed farmed mammal		Species of mammal approved for on-farm killing, that has been examined by a person accredited to perform this function, and has been passed as suitable for processing into petfood, prior to being killed by an approved method.
KPI	Key Performance Indicators	Indicators or measures of the major areas of performance of an organisation.
Label		Includes any wording, tag, brand, symbol, picture, or other descriptive matter written, printed, stencilled, marked, embossed, impressed on, appearing on, attached to, or enclosed within any animal material or animal product.
Laboratory Certificate		A laboratory test report on laboratory letterhead.
LAS	Laboratory Approval Scheme	A scheme which specifies standards and requirements for NZFSA Approved laboratories carrying out testing for market access assurances. This replaced the MILAB (qv) scheme, the principles of which have been expanded to cover a wide range of products under the Animal Products Act 1999.
LCL	Less than a Container Load	If goods being shipped are for more than one consignee then the status of the container is LCL (Less than a Container Load). Where goods are for a single consignee the status is FCL (Full Container Load) qv.
Licensed Animal Remedy		An animal remedy licensed under the Animal Remedies Act 1967; and includes a veterinary medicine registered under the Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act 1997.
licensed		Licensed or approved under the Meat Act 1981 or any regulations made under that Act, and licensee has a corresponding meaning.
LIC	Livestock Improvement Corporation	Focuses on dairy herd improvement through a national database which offers traceability, genetic improvement systems and laboratory automation solutions.
Lot Identification		An identifier that is sufficient to enable the source of a lot to be traced
Lot		A quantity of dairy produce manufactured during a discrete period of time, not normally exceeding 24 hours, in one continuous process.
LRI	Land Resources Inventory	Also known as the NZLRI, divides the New Zealand landscape into land use capability units and provides a national database of physical land-resource information.
LUC	Land Use Capability	An assessment made by the LRI qv.
M&WNZ	Meat & Wool New Zealand	Funded by livestock producers through levies on all beef, sheep and goats slaughtered and on all wool sold. This income is used primarily to increase preference for New Zealand wool and red meat internationally and domestically; to maintain and extend trade access for New Zealand wool and red meat; in funding research and development to provide solutions that will help improve New Zealand farm returns, and to provide wool technical advice.
MAC	Maximum allowable concentration	In atmospheric chemistry; the maximum concentration of a pollutant considered harmless during an adult's working hours.
MAF BA	Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity Authority	Former biosecurity group within MAF which was superseded by Biosecurity New Zealand qv in November 2004.
MAF EU	Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Enforcement Unit	The principal enforcement arm of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The Unit supports both the MAF Biosecurity and Food Assurance Authorities for all enforcement matters. While enforcement is taken seriously and prosecutions regularly undertaken, the EU also has a strong educational role.
MAF VA	Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry�s Verification Agency	Formed to verify that meat, seafood and other animal products and by-products meet New Zealand standards and additional standards of importing countries. The agency is the delivery arm of the NZFSA and provides verification and certification services to about 700 food processing companies (e.g. meat, seafood and game); the majority of whose products are exported worldwide. The export meat sector accounts for 80% of VA�s activities.
MAFF (Aust)	Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Aust)	See DAFF
MAFF (UK)	Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food	Now DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) qv.
MAFQS	Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Quarantine Service	New Zealand's first line of defence against invasion by pests and diseases which could devastate the agricultural, horticultural and forestry sectors. For more than 30 years, the Quarantine Service has controlled incoming goods to keep New Zealand relatively untainted. With a strong belief that prevention is better than cure, MAF Quarantine Service staff vigorously encourage assistance from the public. The Service is not an enforcement agency, and although hundreds of prohibited items are seized every month, prosecutions are rare. The recent introduction of X-ray machines which target biological material, and MAF Quarantine's newest weapon - specially trained sniffer dogs - make New Zealand's Quarantine Service one of the most well equipped and highly trained in the world.
MAFRA	Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Regulatory Authority	Now superseded by Biosecurity NZ qv and NZFSA qv.
MAF	Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry	Provides the Government and the rural sectors with information, analysis and advice on agricultural and forestry issues. It works with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade to help win access to overseas markets for New Zealand product. MAF set the rules that ensure New Zealand's food products are safe to eat. We then stamp our guarantee on export product so that overseas consumers can choose Kiwi-made food with confidence. It protects New Zealand's farms and wildlife from imported pests and diseases and works to minimise the number of foreign pests and diseases entering New Zealand, and if they do, we either eradicate them or minimise the damage caused. MAF manages Government-owned forests. It supports rural communities with initiatives such as co-ordinating drought relief and improving telecommunications access. MAF ensures animals are treated humanely, and encourages sustainable environmentally friendly farming and growing practices.
MA	Market Access	An agreement between countries allowing imported goods to compete with domestically produced products.
MDF	medium density fibreboard	A New Zealand developed composite material which involves fine wood fibres being bonded by a heat, pressure and adhesive treatment.
MEB	MAF Executive Board	Headed by the Director-General and includes his/her Personal Assistant, the Deputy Director-General and the Chief Financial Officer, Corporate Manager Information, Director Communications, General Manager Human Resources, Executive Director NZFSA, Directory Biosecurity Strategic Unit, Group Director Policy, Director Maori Strategy, Group Director Biosecurity NZ, General Manager Quarantine Service, Director Internal Audit, and General Manager Crown Forestry.
MegaReg		US Pathogen Reduction and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Final Rule. The MegaReg focuses on pathogens and improvements in food safety, and has had a major influence in regulatory requirements for meat in international trade.
Methamidophos		An insecticide registered only for labelling purposes in limited circumstances in New Zealand.
Method Characteristics		The characteristics of a test method determined in the validation process. These performance characteristics are used to assess the suitability of a test method for its intended purpose � i.e. whether it is fit for purpose.
Mevinphos		A pesticide not registered for use in New Zealand.
ME	Meat Export Premises	A �Meat Export Premises� was defined under the now-repealed Meat Act 1981. This premises is termed a �Primary Processor for Slaughter� under the Animal Products Act 1999.
MFAT	Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade	Manages the government's dealings with other countries and international organisations and assists New Zealanders in difficulty overseas.
MfE	Ministry for the Environment	The New Zealand Government�s principal adviser on matters that affect the environment. It provides leadership across central and local government. It works in partnership with others to achieve a good environment for all New Zealanders. The Ministry also works to ensure purposeful and consistent environmental governance at all levels.
MIA	Meat Industry Association	A voluntary trade association representing New Zealand meat processors, marketers and exporters.
Microorganism		Organism not visible to the naked eye, e.g. bacterium or virus.
MIC	Minimum inhibitory concentration	The minimum concentration of antibacterial agent in a culture below which bacterial growth is not inhibited.
MILAB	Meat Industry Laboratories	A laboratory approval scheme developed jointly by the meat industry and NZFSA designed specifically to meet the needs of the meat industry. This has become the LAS (qv).
Milking Animals		Animals from which milk is intended to be harvested for the purposes of sale, trade or export, with or without further processing, during their milking-life from commencement of first lactation until they are withdrawn from the milking herd, including the non-lactating periods.
Milking Plant		Includes any milking machine, milk pumping equipment,milk cooling equipment, milk storage equipment, or separator, and any other plant and equipment with which milk comes into contact in a farm dairy.
Milk		The mammary secretion of milking animals.
MIRINZ	Meat Industry Research Institute of New Zealand	See AgResearch
MISC	Meat Industry Standards Council	A meat industry body concerned with setting of technical standards.
MNZ	Meat New Zealand	See M&WNZ (Meat and Wool New Zealand)
Model (Food Control Plan)		The whole or a part of a Food Control Plan that businesses in the food industry may use as an example for the preparation of their own Food Control Plans; contains all, or parts of, the components required for a complete Food Control Plan.
Modification (of test methods)		Any change to a test method which changes the method's characteristics and / or fitness for purpose.
MoH/MOH	Ministry of Health	The New Zealand government's principal agent and adviser on health and disability.
Monitor		The act of conducting a planned sequence of observations or measurements of control parameters to assess whether a CCP is under control.
Monocrotophos		A pesticide not registered for use in New Zealand.
MoRST	Ministry of Research, Science and Technology	A New Zealand government department which develops research and innovation policies. It manages the publicly funded part of the research, science and technology system on behalf of the Government.
MOU	Memorandum of Understanding	A legal document describing an agreement between parties, but less formal than a contract.
MPL	Maximum Pest Limit	The maximum percentage of plants or plant products infested with pests acceptable within each lot inspected - as determined by the importing country or the current information available to MAF at the time.
MQM	MAF Quality Management	On 1 November 1998, MAF Quality Management was replaced by two SOEs; Asure New Zealand Ltd and AgriQuality New Zealand.
MQS	MAF Quarantine Service	New Zealand's first line of defence against invasion by pests and diseases which could devastate the agricultural, horticultural and forestry sectors.
MRL	Maximum Residue Limit	The maximum permissible level at which a substance may be present in animal material or animal product, as specified in regulation 4 of the Meat (Residues) Regulations 1996 (SR 1996/199) or in any specifications.
MRP	Multiple Release Permit	A clearance permit available to importers of prescribed animal and animal products manufactured and exported from the European Union.
MR	Management Representative	The designated point of technical and service quality accountability as nominated by a supplier. This person is the contact between MAF's national border inspection advisor and the supplier.
MSDS	Material safety data sheet	Contains a guide for working with a substance, and can include information on health issues and handling procedures.
Multi-business risk management programme		A risk management programme where approval is given under section 17A of the Animal Products Act 1999 for that programme to apply to more than one business.
NA(BI)	National Advisor (Border Inspection)
NAEAC	National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee	Promotes policies for the humane treatment of animals, and is a key participant in the ongoing animal welfare debate.
NAFTA	North American Free Trade Association	A 1994 free trade agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico.
NAHMS	USDA�s National Animal Health Monitoring System	The National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) Programme Unit conducts national studies on the health and health management of America's domestic livestock populations.
National programmes		The whole of New Zealand or regional programmes developed to apply consistently to a sector or group because of the need to involve core government (for example, where access to property is necessary) or for cost-effectiveness reasons (for example, national sampling programmes).
NAWAC	National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee	Promotes policies for the humane treatment of animals, and is a key participant in the ongoing animal welfare debate.
NA	National Assessor	Assesses the compliance of various organisations implementing MAF Standards and Contracts.
NBA	National Beekeepers Association	The industry association for beekeepers.
NCCP	National Chemical Contaminants Programme	A national programme for the management of chemical hazards as well as providing the information necessary for domestic and international market access assurances.
NCR	Non-Compliance Report	A report on a breach of compliance requirements used to assess the level of enforcement response.
NEDI	National Estimate of Dietary Intake	A prediction of the long-term daily intake of a pesticide residue on the basis of the assumptions of average daily food consumption per person and median residues from supervised trials, allowing for residues in the edible portion of a commodity and including residue components specified in the residue definition. Changes in residue levels resulting from preparation, cooking, or commercial processing are included. When information is available, dietary intake of residues resulting from other sources is also included. The NEDI is expressed in milligrams of residue per person per day.
NEFD	National Exotic Forest Description	A summarised inventory of New Zealand�s planted production forest resource. Each year the NEFD area database is compiled from surveys of forest owners and consultants who own or manage planted production forests.
NESTI	National Estimated Short Term Intake	The intake of a chemical that may be consumed on one day by a high consumer with a high residue level. A worst-case single day estimate by a high consumer using the highest reported residue level.
New Zealand Food Standards Code		A set of food labelling and composition standards for both New Zealand and Australia.
NLV	Norwalk-like virus	Also known as Norovirus it is the cause of an intestinal disease also known as stomach flu or viral gastroenteritis.
NMD	National Microbiological Database	A programme describing the technical procedures for microbiological monitoring of the effects of the slaughter and dressing, and cutting and boning processes.
NNS	National Nutrition Survey	A survey of dietary intake and nutritional status data respondents to the National Health Survey.
NOEL	No observable effect level	The highest dose having no effect on the growth of the test plant.
Non-Compliance		Any failure to comply with regulatory requirements.
Non-conforming		In relation to dairy material and dairy product, means any dairy material or dairy product that is suspected or known not to meet regulatory requirements or not to have been processed in accordance with regulatory requirements.
Non-Secure Groundwater		Groundwater that does not meet the definition of secure groundwater. This includes springs that are capped and piped at the point the water exits the ground.
NOP	National Organic Program	The branch of the US Department of Agriculture dealing with organic food production issues.
NOS	National Organic Standard	A national standard set by the US Department of Agriculture aiming at consistent levels for organic foods.
NRA	National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Aust)	Now known as the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) qv.
NSP	Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning	Attacks the nervous system. Symptoms include difficulty in swallowing, double vision, unsteadiness and tremor, nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, numbness, tingling of the mouth, lips and extremities. Difficulty in distinguishing between hot and cold is also a characteristic. Onset of symptoms is likely to be within 24 hours. NSP is sometimes produced by an algal species known as Karenia mikimotoi.
NSSC	New Zealand Seafood Standards Council	An official committee of the New Zealand Seafood Industry Council and primarily concerned with the assurance of food safety for seafood produced in New Zealand.
NSSP (US)	National Shellfish Sanitation Program	A voluntary programme set up by the United States Food and Drug Authority involving individual states and the shellfish industry. It provides for the sanitary harvest and production of fresh and frozen molluscan shellfish (oysters, clams and mussels).
NZCDC	New Zealand Communicable Disease Centre	see ESR-CDC
NZCP	New Zealand Code of Practice	see Code of Practice
NZDF	New Zealand Dairy Foods	No longer exists as a company, though the majority of its business now operates as part of Fonterra Brands.
NZDWS	New Zealand Drinking Water Standards	Drinking-Water Standards for New Zealand (Ministry of Health, 1995) together with any amendments to those standards.
NZFSA Compliance		The Compliance and Investigation Group of the NZFSA, reporting to the Director, Compliance and Investigation Group.
NZFSA	New Zealand Food Safety Authority	Protects and promotes public health and safety, and facilitates access to markets for New Zealand food and food related products.
NZGLS	New Zealand Government Locator Service	The strategy which takes care of the way in which government information and services - online and offline - are described. These descriptions are called metadata. (see also FONZ and SONZ)
NZICMA	New Zealand Ice Cream Manufacturers Association	Represents New Zealand's manufacturing ice cream industry.
NZIFST	New Zealand Institute of Food Science and Technology	The professional link uniting people in the food industry who apply science and technology to the processing and distribution of foods. The Institute is committed to the promotion and advancement of Food Science and Technology. At every opportunity, members are invited to share their knowledge, experience and ideas and discuss industry developments, issues and concerns.
NZLRI	New Zealand Land Resources Inventory	See LRI
NZMP		Formerly New Zealand Milk Products, but now known only as NZMP. It is an international brand owned by Fonterra Dairy Co-operative Ltd and representing more than 1000 products.
NZOA	New Zealand Ostrich Association	Promotes ostrich farming in New Zealand as a strong stable and profitable industry.
NZPFMA	NZ Petfood Manufacturers' Association	The New Zealand Petfood Manufacturers Association is a non-profit body established in 1991 as a forum for the petfood manufacturers of New Zealand.
NZPMA	NZ Pet Food Manufacturing Association	Representative of the New Zealand pet food industry, this organisation is committed to providing consumers with products that meet the complex nutritional requirements of their pets.
NZQA	New Zealand Qualifications Authority	Quality-assures secondary and tertiary qualifications and education providers, evaluates overseas qualifications and administers the New Zealand Register of Quality Assured Qualifications and the National Qualifications Framework, including the NCEA.
NZTDS,TDS	New Zealand Total Diet Survey/Total Diet Survey	A survey which assesses dietary exposure to chemical residues, contaminant elements and selected nutrients from about 120 representative foods across the average diet of different age-sex groups within the New Zealand population.
NZTE	New Zealand Trade and Enterprise	The New Zealand government's national economic development agency. Through its network of offices worldwide, New Zealand Trade and Enterprise aims to grow New Zealand's economy by boosting the capability of businesses and regions and facilitating their sustained and profitable participation in overseas markets.
NZVA	New Zealand Veterinary Association	An incorporated society formed in 1923 to represent, provide service and promote standards for, and on behalf of, veterinarians.
OA Verifier	official assurance verifier	A person accredited under section 103 of the Act to undertake official assurance verification and includes an animal product officer employed by the Verification Agency, and verifier has a corresponding meaning.
OAP	Official Assurance Programme	Describes the procedures that must be followed in order to receive an official assurance to accompany exported animal material or animal products within the scope of the New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA), Animal Products Group.
OAS	Official Assurances Specification	Replaced D206 Standard for Dairy Sanitary and Related Export Certification.
OAs	Official Assurances	Assurances from the New Zealand Government to an importing country's government that the requirements stated in the official assurance have been met.
OAV	official assurance verification	The functions and activities of confirming compliance with any New Zealand standard, general requirement for export and overseas market access requirement, which applies to the animal material or product concerned.
OECD	Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development	Groups 30 member countries sharing a commitment to democratic government and the market economy. With active relationships with some 70 other countries, NGOs and civil society, it has a global reach. Best known for its publications and its statistics, its work covers economic and social issues from macroeconomics, to trade, education, development and science and innovation.
OESC	Ostrich & Emu Standards Council	Comprises representation from emu farmers, the New Zealand Ostrich Association, the Post-Farm Gate Group (processors and marketing), and New Zealand Food Safety Authority.
Off-site laboratory		A consulting laboratory which is not located within the physical boundaries of any registered slaughterhouse and/or packhouse.
Official assurance		A general statement to a foreign government, or its agent of a foreign government, attesting that, as appropriate one or more of the following applies in respect of any animal material or product: � any specified process has been completed under the Animal Products Act 1999 with respect of the animal material or product concerned; � the animal product concerned meets the animal product standards set under the Act for that animal product; � any market access requirements of the importing country, which New Zealand has agreed to meet, that are stated in the assurance have been met by the system under which the animal material or product was produced or processed; � the situation in New Zealand, in relation to any matter concerning animal material or animal product is as stated in the assurance.
OFNZ	Organic Federation of New Zealand	Aims to promote organics in the New Zealand community and to provide a common voice for the organic industry.
OH&S	Occupational Health and Safety	See OSH.
OIE	World Organisation for Animal Health	A 167-strong international intergovernmental organisation which reports animal health issues.
OMAR	Overseas Market Access Requirements	Outlines overseas country requirements for animal products exported from New Zealand.
OMP	Organic Management Plan	A programme relating to the processing of organic products, or the sampling, inspection or testing of any such processing.
On-site laboratory		A laboratory facility located within the physical boundaries of a registered slaughter operation and/or packhouse.
OOAP	Official Organic Assurance Programme	A programme developed by NZFSA and organic industry groups aimed at maintaining market access to the United States and EU through official government assurance.
OPENZ	Organic Products Exporters of New Zealand Inc	Formed in 1995 with the support of New Zealand Trade & Enterpise, OPENZ is a network of businesses, research institutions, consultancies and certifying agencies acting as a representative collective in the organics industry.
Operator verification		The application of methods, procedures, tests and other checks by the operator to confirm the ongoing: � compliance of the RMP to the legislative requirements; and � compliance of the operation to the RMP as written; and � applicability of the RMP to the operation; and forms part of confirmation as described in section 17(3)(f) of the Animal Products Act 1999.
Operator		In relation to an animal product business, means the owner or other person in control of the business, including the licensee of premises licensed under the Meat Act regime and the person in charge of export approved premises, or his or her manager or agent. Under the LAS an operator is defined as an operator of a risk management programme carrying out primary or secondary processing of animal material or product.
ORM	Optimal Regulatory Model	The essence of the risk-based approach to production and processing from the farm or sea to retail sale. It relies on: � Government acting as the regulator, setting appropriate sanitary measures; � industry taking full responsibility for producing food and food related products that are fit for purpose using risk-based management plans; and � independent verification that industry have abided by their plans.
OSH	Occupational Safety and Health	A service of the Department of Labour, OSH has a five-year strategic plan (2004-2009) focused on 'facilitating the achievement of best practice workplace health and safety in New Zealand'.
OTC	Over-the-counter	Products sold without restrictions on sale or purchase.
Ovine		Sheep.
PACER	Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations	Negotiated lin 2001 by the 16 members of the Pacific Islands Forum, the Agreement has as its initial focus the development of cooperation on trade facilitation.
Packaging		Any material that is intended to protect and that comes into immediate contact with the animal material or animal product; and (b) includes rigid materials such as cartons and containers where animal material or animal product is filled directly into the carton or container; and (c) includes any other material contained with, in, or attached to, the animal material or animal product (such as labels, satay sticks, and heat sensors).
PAH	Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons	A group of tiny compounds which may be harmful to health.
Pandemic		Disease prevalent over the whole of a country or over the whole world.
Parenterally		Administering a substance to a human or animal by a route other than orally or topically.
PAR	Prescription Animal Remedy	Products that may be sold and used only under a veterinary prescription or authorisation.
Pasteurisation		Partial sterilisation by heating.
Pathogenicity determinants		Toxins or other factors (eg adherence to intestinal cells, production of haemolysin) involved in the pathogenicity that determine the virulence of any one serotype.
Pathogenic		Able to cause disease.
Pathogen		Disease-causing organism.
PBV	Performance-Based Verification	Covers the verification by NZFSA inspectors of processors' Risk Management Programmes for processing animal products for human or animal consumption. The verification also includes processors' compliance with overseas market access requirements. The programme has a series of verification steps which have an associated audit frequency.
PB	Pesticides Board	qv Pesticides Board
PC	Phytosanitary Certificate	A certificate which may be required by an importing country certifying that product leaving New Zealand meets the importing country's phytosanitary requirements.
PDG	Programme Development Group	Develops risk-based programmes for food safety in New Zealand. These programmes must include generic implementation tools that deliver agreed levels of consumer protection, be harmonised with international approaches, and facilitate judgement of equivalence in trading situations. Strong representation of New Zealand food safety strategies and goals in international for a is an important activity. There are close links between the ACVM Group and the Programme Development Group, and a working relationship with most experts in the group.
PDI	potential daily intake	Usually relating to pesticides, it is a theoretical intake calculated using maximum residue limits and/or extraneous residue limits and the per capita consumption of the relevant food commodities each day.
PEQ	Post-entry Quarantine	Goods detained for a period of isolation after arriving in New Zealand are stored at one of three levels of security depending on perceived risk of pest or disease contamination.
Persons		All food producers, processors, operators, businesses, sellers and importers.
Pesticides Board		The board which controls the sale and use of pesticides.
Pest		Any unwanted animal that may affect plants, animal or primary produce and any entity declared to be a pest by Order in Council and does not include any human being or any living organism affecting only human beings or any living organism declared not to be a pest by Order in Council.
Petfood		Edible material intended for consumption by animals, which themselves as the consumers, are not intended for the human food chain.
PE	Personal Effects	A person's belongings, usually with sentimental value.
PFGE	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis	A technique used to separate long strands of DNA by length in order to identify differences among samples.
PFISC	Pet Food Industry Standards Council	An industry standards council set up to promote communication between NZFSA and the petfood industry, give advice to NZFSA and to assist in the development and maintenance of standards and guidance under the Animal Products Act 1999.
PF	Pet Food Factory	Any premises licensed under section 20 of the Meat Act 1981 as suitable for the slaughter, processing, or packing of food for dogs or cats.
Phagetype		A further classification of organisms within a bacterial species, based on the type of phage that can infect it.
Phage		A virus that can infect bacteria.
Pharmacovigilance		The monitoring of the quality, safety and efficacy of marketed medicines.
PHI	Pre-Harvest Interval	The minimum permissible time between the last application of an agricultural compound to a crop and its harvesting for human consumption.
Physical boundaries		The actual physical boundaries or such alternative details as are approved by the Director-General under clause 5(1)(b) of the Animal Products (Risk Management Programme Specifications) Notice 2003.
PH	Packing House	A facility for the packing or processing of animals.
PIANZ	Poultry Industry Association of New Zealand	Represents the interests of almost all of the poultry processing and livestock breeding companies in New Zealand.
PIPS	Poultry Industry Processing Standard	Contains instructions and guidelines to be followed when processing poultry for human consumption. It represents the minimum standards with which the industry must comply to ensure the safe production of poultry meat products.
Place or premises		Includes any building, conveyance, craft, fishing vessel, or structure; and includes any land, water, or other area where animals or animal material are produced or may be present.
PLE	Probable Limit Error	See PL
PL	Probable Limits	Confidence limit expressed as a percentage of the of Error (PLE) qv sample estimate i. e., mean. A term only in use in New Zealand.
PMAC	Plants Market Access Council	A peak industry body, which focuses on promoting effective, affordable and reliable export market access for NZ plants and plant products. The council provides a forum for NZFSA, MAF, industry and other relevant government agencies (e.g. MFAT and NZ Customs Service), to work together. Its aim is �to enable industry to realise its export market access potential�.
PMA	Petfood Manufacturing Association	See NZPMA
PMWS	post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome	An emerging viral disease of pigs being more commonly found in North America, Europe and Asia. It was found in New Zealand in 2003.
PoA	Place of First Arrival	MAF's Director-General may approve a port as a place of first arrival provided it meets minimum requirements set out under the Biosecurity Act 1993.
Poisoning		Layman�s term for the use of a toxic agent to control or eradicate any pest.
Porcine		Pig.
Potable Water		Water that complies with the New Zealand Drinking Water Standards (see NZDWS).
PPCS	Primary Producers Cooperative Society	A large New Zealand meat-marketing company, exporting sheepmeat, beef, venison and associated products to about 60 countries.
PPH	Poultry Processing House	Any premises used for the slaughter, processing, or packing of poultry or poultry products for sale for human consumption; but does not include any premises where the poultry has been reared, slaughtered, and processed or packed by the occupier on his own behalf and is sold on his own behalf from those premises.
PR/HACCP Final Rule	US Pathogen Reduction and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Final Rule	See MegaReg
Prerequisite programme		A documented programme covering GMP-based food hygiene activities that may interact at a number of process steps within and across various processes in a food premises, and that have the potential to influence the hygiene status of the product.
Primary processor		A person who, for reward (otherwise than as an employee) or for purposes of trade slaughters and dresses mammals or birds; or (a) dresses mammals or birds that are killed wild animals or are killed as if they were wild animals; or (b) removes or extracts or harvests any animal material from live animals for the purpose of processing for human or animal consumption; or (c)is a dairy processor; or (d) in the case of (i) finfish or shellfish, or animal material derived from finfish or shellfish; or (ii) a mammal or bird, or animal material derived from a mammal or bird, if in the opinion of the Minister it is appropriate that the primary processing of that mammal or bird or animal material should extend beyond the matters referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b); or (iii) any other animal, or animal material derived from any other animal, processes those animals or that animal material to the extent specified by the Minister by notice in the Gazette after appropriate consultation in accordance with section 163 and after having regard to the following matters (iv) industry practice in relation to the animal material concerned: (v) the degree of processing and number of processing operations required in relation to the animal material: (vi)the risk factors involved in processing the animal material (vii) whether or not the processing of the animal material is or may be appropriately addressed by any legislative regime other than this Act: (viii) Such other matters as the Minister considers relevant in the particular circumstances but does not include hunters within the meaning of paragraph (b) of the definition of primary producer.
Primary producer, or producer, and includes a farmer		a) any person who (otherwise than as an employee) farms, raises, grows, or keeps animals for reward or for the purposes of trade in those animals or in animal material or products derived or taken from those animals; and (b) any person who hunts animals for reward or for purposes of trade.
Processor		A primary or secondary processor.
Process		Includes kill, slaughter, dress, cut, extract, manufacture, pack, preserve, transport, and store.
Producer		A single production plant or factory in which product is produced for export to the community under the country-specific tariff quota.
Produce		(a)used in the context of primary production, means farm, raise, grow, or keep animals for reward or for the purposes of trade in those animals or in animal material or products derived or taken from those animals; (b) where used in reference to animal product produced under a risk management programme or a regulated control scheme, refers to animal product that results from the application of any process or processes covered by the programme or scheme.
Protective Clothing		Garments intended to preclude the contamination of animal material or animal product, that are used as outer wear by persons; and includes head coverings and footwear.
PSL	Product Safety Limit	The figure below which there is an extremely low risk that illness will occur when a food is consumed.
PSP	Paralytic shellfish poisoning	Is caused by a group of chemicals called the saxitoxins and gonyautoxins. These chemicals all differ in their toxicity to humans and their proportions may vary, depending on the species of shellfish and the species of algae producing the toxin. Toxic algae of the species Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium catenella commonly cause PSP toxicity in New Zealand shellfish.
PTI	Permit to Import	Dcoumentation which could be required by an Import Health Standard.
Pure Milk		The whole of the milk drawn at the time of milking from a healthy animal; but does not include milk mixed with any preservative or chemical or colouring matter of any kind.
Px	Pesticide	A chemical or biological agent that kills plant or animal pests.
QA	Quarantine Assistant	Mainly located at international airports throughout New Zealand and the International Mail Centre in Auckland. The Quarantine Assistant ensures all people, baggage, cargo, animals and other risk items are directed to a Biosecurity Control Area.
QCONZ	Quality Consultants New Zealand Ltd	Operates in the primary industry with a core competence in the development and delivery of quality-based auditing and advisory services and training to the Primary Industry. Aims to be the leading provider of quality management systems for the primary sector.
QCP	Quota Compliance Programme	A programme of conditions, processes, procedures, measures, and standards to be complied with, performed, undertaken, taken, or met in relation to: any process or activity related to dairy produce, ingredients used in the manufacture of dairy products, or both for IMA certification of quota product; and sampling, examination, inspection, and testing, or any of those actions, relating to any such process or activity as required according to amended EC Regulation 970/2000; and the recording and inspection( by persons with qualifications and experience approved by the Director-General for the purpose) of information relating to any such action; and (without limiting the generality of the foregoing) may include conditions, processes, procedures, measures, or standards relating to the production, manufacture, storage, or transport of dairy products presented to MAF for IMA certification.
QDDP	Quarantine Dog Detector Programme	See Biosecurity Detector Dog Programme.
QD	Quarantine Declaration	A declaration accompanying shipping containers being imported into New Zealand.
QE		Number account/client number allocated to MAFQS account holders by MAF Finance.
QO	Quarantine Officer	Control the entry of agricultural and horticultural produce, plants and animals into New Zealand, and identify and control biosecurity risks arriving at New Zealand's borders.
QRA	Quantitative Risk Assessment	A method of estimating risk magnitude; providing some objectivity
QUID	Quantitative Declaration of Ingredients	A draft Codex standard which would require food package labelling to include the percentage quantity of each ingredient.
RA	Recognised Agency	Agencies wishing to manage and supply accredited persons to carry out functions that support the ability of authorised person to issue an official assurance may be �recognised� under the provisions of the Animal Products Act (Part 8). This recognition allows MAF to be assured of the quality of organisations providing these services and to communicate effectively with them.
RA	Risk Assessment	The process of analysing and evaluating risk.
RCS	Regulated Control Scheme	Allows the NZFSA to set up requirements for the management of hazards not able to be managed by individual risk management programmes or by animal product business operators � or which might be more cost effectively managed by this means. An RCS may be established to meet NZ standards or for overseas market access purposes. These schemes are expected to apply mostly to monitoring hazards at source or for applying controls to certain parts of the production or processing chain.
recognised agency		A person or body recognised by the Director-General for the purpose of performing that function or activity. This will include the management and supply of accredited persons to perform specialist functions and activities for the purposes of the Animal Products Act, including evaluation and verification functions and activities.
Recognised evaluator		A person recognised by the Director-General of MAF under section 103 of the Animal Products Act 1999 to perform evaluation functions and activities.
Recognised person		In relation to any verification or other specialised function or activity, means a person recognised by the Director-General to perform that function or activity.
Recognised risk management programme verifier		A person currently recognised under Section 103 of the Animal Products Act 1999 as an RMP verifier.
Recognised risk management programme verifying agency		A person or body currently recognised under section 103 of the Animal Products Act 1999 as an RMP verifying agency.
Recognition		Provided by the regulator for agencies and individuals to undertake a particular function, against criteria and standards set by the regulator.
Recreational catch		A wild animal that: � is killed, captured, taken, or harvested by a recreational hunter or fisher or other person undertaking similar recreational activities (including a client hunter killing or catching an animal on a game estate, as if in the wild), for their own use or consumption and for the use or consumption of members of the catchers party or family or household, and is not for trade; � is processed either by its catcher or by a listed homekill or recreational catch service provider; Parts of the recreational catch which are not for human or animal consumption may be traded.
Registered packhouse		A packhouse with a registered Risk Management Programme (RMP), including boning operations within an RMP with a broader scope of application than boning alone.
Registered slaughter operation		A slaughter operation with a registered Risk Management Programme.
Registration		Official process whereby the regulator approves a Food Control Plan as satisfactorily meeting the legal requirements.
Regulated animal product		Animal material or product for trade or export that is processed or has been or is required to be processed, according to the requirements of an RMP and/or regulated control schemes (or of the Food Act Regime); and does not include any homekill or recreational catch product.
Regulated Control Scheme		A programme which is imposed by the Director-General to manage risks where risk management programmes would not be feasible or practicable or where it is more efficient for the government to run the programme or it is needed to meet the market access requirements of foreign governments.
Regulatory limit		Measurable technical requirement specifically identified as a regulatory limit. Regulatory limits are a subset of regulatory requirements. Regulatory limits may be: � science-based � HACCP derived, eg, critical limits � risk-based.
Regulatory model		The current government approach to regulating the food chain; comprises the regulator (primarily but not exclusively NZFSA), the external verifier and the �person� involved.
Regulatory requirement		Any mandatory requirement set by the regulator for the management of food safety and suitability. May be either set in law or enabled by law.
Regulatory validation		Process in which the regulator collects and presents scientific evidence to justify the setting of standards and requirements for food safety or suitability; the regulator validates its own regulatory process.
Reject Eggs		Eggs unsuitable for human or animal consumption.
Rendering		The breaking down of animal tissues into constituent fat and protein elements, whether by the application of heat and pressure, or otherwise.
Restricted sampler		A person trained by either an associate trainer or a certified trainer to collect samples.
Retail butcher		Any type of butcher engaged in retail trade in regulated animal products.
Reticulation Management Plan		A documented programme that contains procedures for the management of the water reticulation system, (including pipework and fittings e.g. backflow prevention devices etc.), within the premises or place to ensure that the water quality is not adversely affected prior to the point of use.
Retort		A pressure vessel designed for heat processing food or byproduct, packed in hermetically sealed containers, either by saturated steam or by heated water with superimposed air pressure.
Risk assessment		A scientifically-based process consisting of four steps (hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment and risk characterisation).
Risk factors		Means: a. risks from hazards to animal or human health: b. risks from false or misleading labelling: c. risks to the wholesomeness of animal material or product.
Risk management framework		Risk-based approach to policy setting and overarching decision making on risk management in general.
Risk Management Programme Operator		An operator of a premises or place who operates an animal product business that is subject to a risk management programme.
Risk management programme		See RMP
Risk-based programmes		The collective term currently used to cover programmes such as FSP�s under the Food Act 1981, and risk management programmes (RMPs) under the Animal Products Act 1999, including product safety programmes (PSPs) that were previously under the Dairy Industry Act 1952.
Risk-based		Decisions and actions that are based on a specific knowledge of risks to human health.
Risk		A function of the likelihood and severity of an adverse health effect on the consumer as a result of exposure to a hazard.
RLC	Registration Liaison Committee (Aust)	The federal regulatory authority in Australia with the responsibility for registering agricultural and veterinary chemicals. It is the main consultative forum between the APVMA qv, the states, territories and Commonwealth agencies relating to operational management of the National Registration Scheme. The Committee meets biannually in Canberra.
RMP	Risk Management Programme	Programmes designed to identify, control, manage and eliminate or minimise hazards and other risk factors so the resulting animal product is fit for its intended purpose.
RMS	Risk Management System	The Animal Products Act establishes a regulatory regime that requires all animal products traded and used to be fit for intended purpose by meeting the appropriate New Zealand animal product standards. The risk management system potentially covers all animal material along the production and processing chain from source to the market. The risk management system comprises the following main types of controls: � risk management programmes; � regulated control schemes; � controls relating to animal material and products exports; and � controls on certain functions.
ROM	Regional Operations Manager, MAF Quarantine Service	Responsibility for all Quarantine Service operations excluding Auckland, Tauranga, Wellington, Christchurch, Off-shore Programme, and Regional Ports.
RSP	Recognised Services Provider
ruminant protein		Protein derived from the tissue of a ruminant, except dairy produce, but including blood.
ruminant		An animal of the Order Artiodactyla that chews the cud regurgitated from its rumen, for example, cattle, sheep, deer, alpacas and goats.
S&D	Slaughter and Dressing	The process of killing an animal and preparing the carcass.
SABS	South African Bureau of Standards	Responsible for the development and publication of standards for products and services in South Africa.
Safety Margin		A level set below the �unsafe level� to give increased confidence that a food will not contain pathogens at a level likely to cause illness.
Safe		Produced by applying all food safety requirements appropriate to its intended end use.
Salmonella Brandenburg		A strain of salmonella bacteria which can cause sheep abortions.
Sampler		Includes certified trainers, associate trainers and/or restricted samplers.
Sanitary Design		In relation to any premises or place, facility, internal structure, equipment, or conveyance, means designed, constructed, and located so that it � (i) meets the requirements appropriate to the type of animal material or animal product and process, and which includes consideration of the movement of people, access, and process flow; and (ii) can be readily maintained, cleaned, sanitised, and sterilised where required, to ensure that risk factors from contaminants and pests are minimised; and (b) in relation to any equipment or accessway in any processing area, means that the equipment or accessway is designed, constructed and located so that it � (i) is easily accessible for maintenance, cleaning, operation, checking, and inspection; and (ii) minimises the contact of contaminants with any animal material (other than live mammals or live birds), or animal product or other equipment; and (iii) precludes the harbouring or accumulation of any contaminants or pests
Sanitise		The application of an approved maintenance compound or physical agent with the intention of reducing microbial contamination to a level that will avoid the creation of a hazard in the product.
SANZ	Standards Association of New Zealand	Standards New Zealand is the trading arm of the Standards Council, a crown entity operating under the Standards Act 1988. The Standards Council, an appointed body with representatives from a wide range of community sectors, is the governing body for Standards NZ. Standards New Zealand specialises in developing and marketing national, regional and international Standards - offering an independent, efficient and cost-effective service to a wide range of organisations. The majority of Standards are developed in partnership with Standards Australia. And, as New Zealand�s representative in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Standards New Zealand ensures that New Zealand�s voice is heard worldwide. New Zealand Standards cover a wide variety of subjects and industries � Standards for health and disabilities; business management; environment; and building, to name a few.
SA	Standards Australia	Standards Australia was established in 1922 and is recognised through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Commonwealth Government as the peak non-government standards development body in Australia. It is a company limited by guarantee, with 72 members representing groups interested in the development and application of standards and related products and services.
SBP	Specialised Biologicals Premises	An approved premises licence issued by NZFSA.
SCARM	Standing Committee on Agriculture & Resource Management	A ARMCANZ standing committee comprised of the relevant departmental heads/chief executives of New Zealand and Australian Commonwealth/State/Territory agencies as well as representatives of the CSIRO and Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
Science-based		Decisions, standards and actions that are based on objective and verifiable information on all relevant hazards.
Scombroid (Histamine) Poisoning		An illness caused by the improper chilling of Scombroid fish.
Scrapie		A degenerative disease of sheep and goats.
SCVPH	Scientific Committee On Veterinary Measures Relating To Public Health	Answers scientific and technical questions concerning consumer health and food safety, and relating to zoonotic, toxicological, veterinary and notably hygiene measures applicable to the production, processing, and supply of food of animal origin.
SeaFIC	New Zealand Seafood Standards Council	An official committee of the New Zealand Seafood Industry Council and primarily concerned with the assurance of food safety for seafood produced in New Zealand.
Seamless		Without legislative or operational duplication or gaps in the New Zealand food regulatory programme.
Secondary processor		A person who, for reward (otherwise than as an employee) or for purposes of trade, processes animal product at any stage beyond its primary processing.
Semicarbazide		A chemical which may cause cancer in animals.
Serology		Scientific study of serum (part of the blood) and its effects.
Serotype		A further classification of organisms within a bacterial species.
SFF	Sustainable Farming Fund	A fund, the purpose of which is to support projects that will contribute to improving the financial and environmental performance of the land-based productive sectors. The Fund aims to help the land based sectors solve problems and take up opportunities to overcome barriers to economic, social and environmental viability. It will do this by bringing together �communities of interest�. These are groups of people drawn together by a shared problem and/or opportunity in the sustainable use of resources. The Fund focuses on projects that are practical and show value for money.
Shellfish		Includes all species of the phylum Echinodermata and phylum Mollusca and all species of the Class Crustacea at any stage of their life history, whether living or dead (Fisheries Act, 1996).
shoulder number		The unique number of the eligibility document, eligibility declaration or export certificate allocated by E-cert when a document is raised, or applied at or before signature of a paper document.
SITO	Seafood Industry Training Organisation	The Industry Training Organisation (ITO) for New Zealand's seafood industry. Each year the organisation is allocated funds by the Tertiary Education Commission (TEC) to encourage businesses in the seafood sector to provide training for their employees.
Slaughtered mammal		A mammal that has died as a result of being subject to an approved slaughter process, that has occurred on a premises approved for this purpose.
SMD	Soil moisture deficit	A measure of drought. A day of soil moisture deficit occurs when soil moisture availability limits pasture growth.
SMT	Senior Management Team	MAF Quarantine Service's Senior Management Team
SOA	Service Oriented Architecture	A system of software architecture designed to service users by linking computer resources - primarily data and applications.
SOE	State Owned Enterprise	Companies listed in the First Schedule of the State Owned Enterprises Act 1986. SOEs operate as a commercial business but are owned by the State. They have boards of directors, appointed by shareholding Ministers to take full responsibility for running the business.
Somatotropins		Human growth hormones.
SONZ	Subjects of New Zealand	A thesaurus created for use with the NZGLS (New Zealand Government Locator Service) qv metadata standard. (see also FONZ)
SOP	Standard Operating Procedures	Instructions or methods designed for a certain process or situation. They describe the accepted methodology and help form the basis for measuring levels of conformance.
Sorbate		A common form of preservative.
SO	Standing Order	Included in the Code of Practice for the Use of Veterinary and Human Medicines in Research, Testing and Teaching Organisations. The code is sponsored and co-ordinated by the Royal Society of New Zealand. The Standing Order is a veterinary authorised set of directions to be followed by non-veterinary personnel when using veterinary and human medicines within such organisations. The intention is for the Order to be concise enough to provide a level of control over medicine use on animals that is equivalent to the control achieved when the veterinarian is supervising in person.
SPA	Science Principal Advisors
SPS	Sanitary & Phyto Sanitary Agreement	A World Trade Organisation agreement which aims to allow governments to provide an appropriate level of health protection, while ensuring these rights are not misused for protectionism. Measures to ensure food safety and protect the health of animals and plants should be based as far as possible on objective and accurate scientific data. Countries must notify new or changed requirements affecting trade and make known factors considered, assessment procedures and the level of risk determined to be acceptable.
SPS	Statistical Process Control	A standardising technique for steering a process, reducing variation, increasing knowledge about the process, assessing process capability and providing performance benchmarks.
SRP	Specified Requirements Products	A scheme allowing registration of certain veterinary medicines to be considered without a full profile assessment.
SSC	Seafood Standards Council	An official committee of the New Zealand Seafood Industry Council, primarily concerned with the assurance of food safety for seafood produced in New Zealand.
SSC	State Services Commission	Ensures the State Services is well placed to carry out Government policy and meet the needs of New Zealanders. Its specialist role is as a leader on issues of State Services development. Its core function is the appointment and performance management of Public Service chief executives. The Commission also advises on State Services management issues and define and promote good practice in a number of areas, including e-government, people capability and integrity and conduct.
SSOP	Standard Sanitation Operating Procedures / Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures	See also SOP (Standard Operating Procedures)
STA	Scheduled Time of Arrival	The time a person or craft should reach or cross a certain point according to a published schedule.
STD	Scheduled Time of Departure	The time of departure for a person or craft according to a published schedule.
STEC	shiga-toxigenic E. coli	A group of organisms which can cause severe gastrointestinal disease in humans.
Step		A point, procedure, operation or stage in the food chain including raw materials, from primary production to final consumption.
Subclinical		Not yet presenting definite symptoms.
Sudan 1		A food dye used (but not approved) in some chilli powders which may be carcinogenic.
Suitability		product attributes that include aesthetic characteristics or defects, composition and labelling, that are not related to food safety.
Suitably skilled person		A person who in the opinion of the operator is skilled in a particular activity or task through training, experience, or qualifications.
Sulphite		A common form of preservative.
Sulphonamide		A chemical compound sometimes used to treat bacterial diseases.
Supplier Guarantee Programme		A programme documented in a risk management programme, that establishes the animal treatment and exposure status of animal material presented for primary processing by requiring specified suppliers (identified in the programme) to provide information that would be equivalent to the supplier statement for that animal material.
Supplier Statement		Either � (a) the specified contents for a statement; or (b) a form of statement � provided for in Schedule 5, that is signed by a supplier and affirms that certain requirements of this notice have been met; and includes certified supplier statements.
Suspect Animal Material		An animal or line of animals showing symptoms or suspected of being diseased or contaminated, or having an abnormality, that may affect the suitability for processing or the manner of processing of the animal material; and includes � (a) animals with clinical disease: (b) tuberculosis (Tb) reactors: (c) animals covered by a veterinary certificate of disease or injury: (d) animals from sources named in surveillance lists under the Animal Products Act: (e) animals covered by a supplier statement indicating an uncertain animal suitability status
SV	Supervising Veterinarian	A veterinarian directed by an accredited person to supervise a pre-export isolation period of animals other than bees.
S	Export Store	A premises licensed under the Meat Act for the storage of any edible products intended for export.
TBA	to be advised	Yet to be announced.
TCC	Technical Consultative Committee	Not a decision-making body, but a technical advisory body operating at all-times within the decision-making framework.
Template (as for a Food Control Plan)		A �form� Food Control Plan in whole or in part, that includes Good Operating Practice and regulatory requirements and is used to assist a �person� to develop their Food Control Plan; may consist of a simple form and checklist that refers the operator to the Good Operating Practice components within the Code of Practice.
TF	Transitional Facility	Any place approved for the inspection, storage, treatment, quarantine, holding, or destruction of uncleared goods. All loaded imported sea containers must be unpacked at a Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry approved transitional facility in the presence of an accredited person.
TLA	Territorial Local Authority	(see also TA) New Zealand has 74 territorial authorities including 16 city councils and 58 district councils. Four of the territorial authorities are known as unitary authorities because they have responsibilities of both territorial and regional councils -these are Nelson City Council, Tasman District Council, Marlborough District Council and Gisborne District Council.
TMDI	Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake	Calculated by multiplying the average per person daily food consumption for each foodstuff or food group by the legal maximum use level of the additive established by Codex standards or by national regulations and by summing up the figures. The TMDI gives only a rough indication of the dietary intake of a food additive since it does not take into consideration the food habits of special populations groups.
TOP	Top of Descent (spray)	The point at which an aircraft begins its descent towards an airport. On international flights this can signal the time at which an aerosol disinsection spray is used.
TOR	Terms of Reference	A document which specifies the scope and details of an activity.
Toxic Agent		A substance or mixture of substances capable of causing ill-health or death and used for the eradication or control of any pest.
Toxigenic		Produces poison. With regard to E. Coli 0157:H7 it refers to screen test isolates with 3 pathogenicity determinants (stx, eaeA and HlyA).
Tox	Toxicology	The study of poisons and their effects.
TO	Transport Operator	Someone licensed to transport animal material and animal product that is eligible for export.
TRADENZ	Trade New Zealand	This organisation was integrated with Industry New Zealand to become New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (see NZTE).
Trade		To sell for human or animal consumption or use; and includes: � selling for resale (including as a constituent part of another article) for human or animal consumption or use; and � offering or attempting to sell, or receiving for sale, or having in possession or exposing for sale, or sending or delivering for sale, or causing or permitting to be sold, offered, or exposed for sale; and � barter; and � supplying an article under a contract, together with other goods or services or both, in consideration of an inclusive charge for the article and the other goods or services; and � supplying an article where there is a statutory responsibility to supply; and � offering as a public prize or reward, or giving away for the purpose of advertisement or in the furtherance of any trade or business; and � every other method of disposition for valuable consideration.
transfer document		Any form of document recognised within this Guide or the Official Assurances Programme that is able to support the issuing of an export certificate, or the preparation and, where applicable, issuing of another transfer document. Transfer document includes an eligibility document, eligibility declaration, and exporter and operator declarations.
Transportation Outer		A package (other than a container used for bulk transportation on a ship or aircraft) that � (a) encases any packaged or unpackaged animal material or animal product for the purpose of transportation and distribution; and (b) is either removed before the animal product is used or offered for retail sale, or is not taken away by the consumer of the product.
Travelling Meat Inspector		See TTS (Travelling Technical Supervisor)
Trichinella spiralis		A disease caused by eating meat infected with Trichinella worm larvae.
TRVIB	Total Recoverable Volume Inside Bark	The volume of wood recovered during harvesting, excluding bark, expressed in cubic metres.
TTMRA	Trans Tasman Mutual Recognition Agreement	An arrangement between the Australian and New Zealand Governments to facilitate trans Tasman trade through the removal of regulatory barriers to the movement Goods and service providers between the two countries.
TTS	Travelling Technical Supervisor	One of 45 people working for NZFSA VA verifying a broad range of Animal Products harvesting, processing and storage activities throughout New Zealand. All such supervisors are warranted as Animal Products Officers (APO's) under the Animal Products Act.
TWI	Trade weighted index of exchange rates	A measure relating the value of the New Zealand dollar to the currencies of New Zealand's major trading partners.
UNESCO	United Nations Educational Scientific Cultural Organisation	Promotes international co-operation among its 191 member states and six associate members in the fields of education, science, culture and communication.
Unsafe Level		For any food, this is the level at or above which there is a very high risk of illness if that food is consumed.
UPBD	Unaccompanied Personal Baggage Declaration	Documentation which must be completed by the importer or his/her nominee when clearing unaccompanied personal baggage from Customs.
UPC	United Poultry Concerns	United Poultry Concerns is an American non-profit organisation that addresses the treatment of domestic fowl in food production, science, education, entertainment, and human companionship situations. The organisation seeks to make the public aware of ways poultry are treated by American society and elsewhere in the world.
URL	Uniform Resource Locator	The address of a resource or file available on the internet.
US PR/HACCP final Rule (Federal Register, 61(144), Appendices E & G)	US Poultry Regulations	A rule issued by the US FSIS to verify that industry Pathogen Reduction/HACCP (PR/HACCP) systems are effective in controlling the contamination of raw meat and poultry products with disease-causing bacteria. The PR/HACCP rule sets Salmonella performance standards (the maximum allowable prevalence of Salmonella) that slaughter establishments and establishments that produce raw ground products should meet.
USDA (APHIS)	United States Department of Agriculture (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service)	Part of the USDA qv, APHIS provides leadership in ensuring the health and care of animals and plants. The agency improves agricultural productivity and competitiveness and contributes to the national economy and the public health.
USDA	United States Department of Agriculture	Founded by Abraham Lincoln, this organisation supports rural development, food safety, nutrition and research for agricultural technology. The agency is also in charge of national forest and rangelands and works to reduce hunger in the United States and internationally.
USFDA	United States Food & Drug Administration	See FDA (US)
Validate		The process by which the operator ensures that the risk management programme is complete, and meets the requirements of the Animal Products Act and any relevant animal product regulations and specifications; and when implemented, will consistently achieve the required outcomes of the programme; and re-validate has a corresponding meaning.
Validation		Obtaining evidence that the cements of the HACCP plan are effective.
VA	Verification Agency	The New Zealand Food Safety Authority, Verification Agency. Audits food safety programmes of food processes and provides export certification for the meat, game and seafood products produced under those programmes.
VBRF	Vessel Ballast Report Form
VCNZ	Veterinary Council of New Zealand	Operating under the Veterinarians Act, 2005, the council manages the registration of veterinarians, promotes and encourages high standards and conduct, hears and determines complaints, and exercises disciplinary powers.
VDD	Veterinary Drugs Directorate (Canada)	Through this directorate, Health Canada evaluates and monitors the safety, quality and effectiveness, sets standards and promotes the prudent use of veterinary drugs administered to food-producing and companion animals.
VDF	Vehicle Docking Facility	A structure and location approved by the Director (Animal Products) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and intended to allow the transfer of product between vehicles under controlled conditions.
Verification Agency team leader		Any person appointed to the designation of team leader in the Verification Agency.
Verification		The application of methods, procedures, tests and other checks to confirm: � compliance of the Food Control Plan to the legislation and � compliance of the operation to the documented Food Control Plan and � the applicability of the Food Control Plan to the operation.
Vertebrate Toxic Agents		These are substances, mixtures or biological compounds used to kill or reduce the viability of vertebrate animals. It does not include attractant or repellent substances that are not toxic. See also VTA
Veterinary Medicine		The same meaning as prescribed under the Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act 1997; any substance(s), mixture of substances or biological compound used or intended for use in the direct management of animals.
VHF	viral haemorrhagic fevers	Are a group of illnesses caused by several families of viruses, with effects ranging from relatively mild illness to severe, life-threatening disease.
VICH SC	VICH Steering Committee	Is composed of two delegates of the regulatory authorities and two delegates of representative industry associations from the three regions. Australia/New Zealand and Canada have observer status with one delegate representing government authorities and one delegate representing industry associations from the two countries. The Steering Committee is empowered to drive the harmonisation process.
VICH	Veterinary International Committee on Harmonisation	A programme aimed at harmonising technical requirements for veterinary product registration was officially launched in Paris in April 1996.
VISC	Venison Industry Standards Council	A standards-focused body within the deer industry.
VLT	Very low throughput	Poultry premises processing at less than one million carcasses a year. Relates to sample testing for Salmonella.
VMDA	Veterinary Manufacturers and Distributors Association (Aust)	Established in 1974, the assocation is a specialist organisation representing the interests of manufacturers and distributors of veterinary medicines and animal health products in Australia.
VMD	Veterinary Medicines Directorate	An Executive Agency of the UK's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs qv, the vision of the VMD is the responsible, safe and effective use of veterinary medicinal products. In working towards achieving this vision the VMD aims to protect public health, animal health, the environment and promote animal welfare by assuring the safety, quality and efficacy of veterinary medicines.
voided		In relation to a box in an export certificate, means ruled off after the last entry and a diagonal line added, or the box otherwise filled so as to prevent the unauthorised addition of information after signing.
VPC	Vertebrate Pest Control	A set of regulations specific to controlled pesticides.
VTA	Vertebrate Toxic Agentqv	Agricultural compounds used to kill vertebrate animals (ie, poisons).
VTEC		Verocytotoxigenic E. coli � so named because the toxin these bacteria produce lyses African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells.
WAAVP	World Association for Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology	A non-profit organisation for scientists who study helminthology, protozoology and entomology. Founded in 1963, the association is the largest international veterinary parasitology organisation in the world, with a membership of more than 600 consisting veterinarians, parasitologists and other interested parties.
Waste		Includes, without limitation, all solids, liquids, and gases that the operator intends to dispose of as being unwanted and that may become a source of contamination or attract pests.
Water Management Plan		A documented programme that specifies the water quality standard and criteria, and procedures for the management of the water quality within the premises or place to ensure that the appropriate quality of water is delivered at the point of use; but �premises or place� in this definition does not include a fishing vessel.
WDS	World Dairy Summit	The traditional annual main gathering of the IDF qv
WECS	Wine Export Certification Service	The body which provides export certification in the wine industry.
WET	Wine Equalisation Tax	An Australian value-based tax generally paid on the value of the wine at the last wholesale sale, or on a notional wholesale selling price when there is no wholesale sale.
WFHS	Whole Flock Health Scheme	A documented effective system of health surveillance and, where applicable, disease control or eradication and includes nutritional diseases and the management of agricultural chemicals and animal remedies within the general and specific conditions of their use.
Whole Flock Health Scheme		In relation to a flock of farmed birds means a documented effective system of health surveillance and includes, where applicable � (a) disease control or eradication; and (b) the management of agricultural compounds and animal remedies according to any general or specific conditions of use.
Wholesomeness		In relation to any regulated animal product, means that the product does not contain or have attached to it, enclosed with it or in contact with it anything that is offensive, or whose presence would be unexpected or unusual in product of that description.
WHO	World Health Organisation	United Nations' public health branch
WHP/WHPD	Withholding Period	The time that must elapse between the last application of a chemical and consequent processing for consumption.
Wild animal		An animal that: � is a kind that occurs in the wild or in the sea; and � is not, immediately before its taking or capture, owned by any person.
Withholding period		A period after treatment or exposure to a veterinary medicine or other chemical substance within which the animal material concerned may not be suitable for processing into petfood.
WSMP	Wine Standards Management Plan	A concept which provides a single, comprehensive and verifiable regime for compliance with food safety, wine composition and labelling and overseas market access requirements.
WTO	World Trade Organisation	The only global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world�s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.
W	Whole fish processing premises	Any premises used for whole fish processing.
Zoonose		A type of disease caused by micro-organisms transmitted from animals and birds to humans. In developed countries, enteric zoonotic diseases are major contributors to water- and food-borne disease, including gastroenteritis. In New Zealand, the most significant micro-organisms causing zoonotic diseases are: � the bacteria Campylobacter spp., � some strains of Escherichia coli, � Salmonella spp., and � the protozoa Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Learn more about Research in New Zealand on this topic at: <A HREF = "http://www.zoonosesresearch.org.nz/ ">http://www.zoonosesresearch.org.nz/ </A>
Zoonotic		Describes a disease as of the Zoonose (qv) type.

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